One-Step Synthesis of Nano ZnO Decorated Macroporous Carbon with Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties

-, -, -, -, -

(a.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; b.School of The Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)



One-Step Synthesis of Nano ZnO Decorated Macroporous Carbon with Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties

QULing-Linga,HANTing-Tingb,SHIHe-Feib,GUMeng-Binb,LUOZhi-Junb

(a.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; b.School of The Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

AbstractNano ZnO particles decorated macroporous carbon (ZnO/MPC) have been synthesized by a facile one-step method with the precursor Zn(NO3)2.6H2O and sodium gluconate. The different functional groups of sodium gluconate play synergetic roles in the formation process of ZnO/MPC. The nanosturctures of ZnO nanoparticles attached to the carbon wall of macropores were confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Compared with commercial ZnO powder, enormous enhancement of photocatalytic efficiency was observed by nano ZnO decorated MPC. Via the photoluminescence (PL) investigation, the enhancement of photocatalytic activity was attributed to the high migration efficiency of photo-induced electrons and the inhibited charge carriers recombination due to the electronic interaction between ZnO and MPC.

Key wordsmacroporous carbon; ZnO; photocatalyst; composites

Semiconductor photocatalysis has become more and more attractive and important since it is one of the promising processes to solve environmental problems via the photochemical decomposition of pollutants and hazardous materials[1-2]. Zinc oxide (ZnO), as a potential semiconductor with direct wide band gap (3.37 eV), is close to being one of the ideal photocatalysts because of its relatively inexpensive and provide photogenerated holes with high oxidizing power due to its wide band gap energy[3-4].

In the photocatalytic oxidation process of semiconductors, the photocatalytic efficiency depends on the fate of photogenerated hole-electron pairs under irradiation.The electron-hole recombination has faster kinetics than surface redox reactions and greatly reduces the quantum efficiency of photocatalysis. Therefore, to enhance the photocatalysis efficiency, it is essential to retard the recombination of the charge carriers[5-6]. Many works have been devoted to reduce the recombination of charge carriers by coupling the ZnO with carbon materials, such as activated carbon[7], carbon nanotube[8], and grapheme[9-10]. Generally, the fabrication of ZnO/carbon composites require two steps, the synthesis of ZnO and the subsequent mixing with carbon materials, which make the synthesis route complicated and render the catalysts too expensive for widespread industrial use[3, 8, 10].

In the present study, we develop a facile one-step method to construct nano ZnO decorated macroporous carbon (ZnO/MPC), which only needs two reagents, the Zn(NO3)2·6H2O as the zinc source and sodium gluconate. Different functional groups of sodium gluconate play synergetic roles in the formation of ZnO/MPC. ZnO/MPC photocatalyst showed enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic dye. Photoluminescence (PL) is employed to study the excited states of ZnO/MPC and comfirm that MPC hybridized ZnO inhibits the recombination of electrons and holes on ZnO/MPC successfully, which make ZnO/MPC possess a significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity over the commercial ZnO powder.

1Experimental

1.1Preparation of nano ZnO decorated macroporous carbon (ZnO/MPC)

ZnO/MPC was synthesized by heating a mixture of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and sodium gluconate after milling in the mass ratio of 1∶3 at 900 ℃ for 3 h in N2atmosphere. After cooling down at room temperature, the black products were washed several times by deionized water and absolute ethanol. Finally, the washed precipitation was dried in vacuum oven at 60 ℃ for 24 h.

1.2Characterization

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed on a Bruker D8 diffractometer with high-intensity Cu Kαradiation (λ=1.540 6 Å) for the phase composition of samples. The field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) measurements were characterized with a Hitachi S-4800 operating at 15 kV. The samples used for FE-SEM were prepared by dispersing of some products in ethanol, then placing a drop of the solution onto the surface of Al column and Au was sprayed on them to improve their surface conductive. Raman spectra were obtained using a Renishaw Raman system model 2 000 spectrometer. The BET surface area of the powders was determined from Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements using a ASAP 2020 surface area and porosity analyzer. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra (PL) of the samples were measured on a Varian Cary Eclipse fluorescence spectrophotometer at an excitation wavelength of 325 nm.

1.3Photochemical experiments

The photocatalytic activity of ZnO/MPCs was evaluated by the degradation of MB at room temperature. A 125 W high-pressure mercury lamp with the strongest emission at 365 nm was used as light source. The experiments were carried out in a 250 mL beaker, opening to air and the distance between the lamp and the solution is about 12 cm. A mixture containing a powdered catalyst (50 mg) and a fresh aqueous solution of MB (100 mL, 10 mg/L) was magnetically stirred in the dark for about 1 h to establish an adsorption-desorption equilibrium. The suspensions were kept under constant air-equilibrated conditions before and during illumination. At certain time intervals, 4 mL aliquots were sampled and remove the photocatalyst particles. The filtrates were analyzed by recording variations of the maximum absorption band (665 nm), using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Corporation, UV-2450).

2Results and discussion

The phase and composition of products were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fig.1a shows the optical image of product and its typical XRD pattern. All of the observed peaks in the patterns can be indexed to the standard wurtzite structure of ZnO (JCPDS card No. 36-1451). The intensive peaks reveal that the hexagonal ZnO possess highly crystalline through the low temperature carbonization process. The Raman spectra (Fig.1b) of ZnO/MPC shows three primary peaks including a D band at ～1 360 cm-1, a G band at ～1 583 cm-1, respectively, typical for amorphous carbons. The largeID/IGvalue (0.78) indicates the low degree of graphitization of ZnO/MPC. The carbon content is determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, Fig.1c). It can be noticed that the mass loss below 220 ℃ could be probably attributed to the evaporation of the adsorbed gaseous molecules or moisture, and the major mass loss takes place at 220 ℃ and completes at 600 ℃. The estimations based on the TG curves indicate that the carbon content in the ZnO/MPC is about 60.91 wt%.

The morphology and microstructure of the products are characterized by SEM and TEM. Fig.2a and Fig.2c present the panoramic SEM image and TEM image of the ZnO/MPC, respectively. SEM image in Fig.2a shows the ZnO/MPC has an open structure with interconnected macropores. The macroporous cores exhibit a foam-like morphology surrounded by thin walls. The sizes of most macropores are about several hundred nanometers, and the thickness of the walls around them is less than 100 nm (Fig.2b). From the Fig.2d, the image clearly indicates that a number of ZnO nanoparticles attached to the carbon wall of macropores and these ZnO nanoparticles are less than 50 nm. These ZnO nanoparticles are dispersed well into the carbon materials. The nitrogen adsorption and desorption measurements were performed to explore their inner structures. Fig.3 is the typical nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of the ZnO/MPC, which belongs to the type Ⅳ isotherm according to the IUPAC classification. BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface areas, calculated from nitrogen adsorption isotherms, show that the surface area of ZnO/MPC is 79.4 m2·g-1.

Fig.2　SEM (a,b) and TEM (c,d) images of the ZnO/MPC

Fig.3　Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm of the ZnO/MPC

The photocatalytic activity of the present ZnO/MPC was evaluated with the photodegradation of MB in aqueous solution. In the presence of the ZnO/MPC, MB was almost completerly degraded after 90 min of UV light irradiation (Fig.4a). Further experiments were carried out to compare the photocatalytic activities of ZnO/MPC and commercial ZnO powder (Fig.4b). As illustrated in Fig.4b, a blank experiment in the absence of the photocatalyst but under UV light irradiation shows that only a small quantity of MB was degraded. In the presence of commercial ZnO powder, about 38% of MB was degraded after 90 min of UV light irradiation. It is obvious that ZnO/MPC show a significant improvement in MB photodegradation activity over the commercial ZnO powder.

Fig.4　(a) UV-Visible spectra of MB vs. photoreaction time in the presence of ZnO/MPC; (b) the photocatalytic degradation of MB over the ZnO/MPC and commercial ZnO powder

Fig.5　Photoluminescence spectra of commercial pure ZnO powder and ZnO/MPC

Photoluminescence (PL) is often employed to study surface structure and excited states of semiconductor. With electron-hole pair recombination after a photocatalyst is irradiated, photons are emitted, resulting in photoluminescence[17-18]. It was reported that ZnO typically exhibits UV band edge emission and broad visible emissions at green and yellow bands at room temperature. The PL peak at 391 nm is due to the recombination of a photogenerated hole with an electron occupying the oxygen vacancies in the ZnO[19]. As the ZnO nanoparticles were attached on MPCs, the PL emission intensity of ZnO/MPC at 391 nm decreased dramatically compared with that of commercial pure ZnO powder (Fig.5). The results indicate that attachment of ZnO nanoparticles on MPCs inhibits the recombination of electrons and holes on ZnO/MPC successfully. The low recombination rate of electrons and holes is also an indispensable reason for the enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO/MPC.

3Conclusion

In summary, we demonstrate a feasible synthetic route for the synthesis and fabrication of ZnO/MPC. During the whole construction process, different functional groups of sodium gluconate play synergetic roles in the formation of ZnO/MPC. The hybridization with ZnO on the surface of MPC could significantly increase the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO. The intimate contact between MPC and ZnO nanoparticles is beneficial for efficient electron transfer, which is supposed to be responsible for reducing the recombination of charge carriers. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity was attributed to the high migration efficiency of photo-induced electrons and the inhibited charge carriers recombination due to the electronic interaction between ZnO and MPC.

References:

[1]CHEN C C, MA W H, ZHAO J C, Semiconductor-mediated photodegradation of pollutants under visible-light irradiation[J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2010,39(11):4206-4219.

[2]TANG H J, HAN T T, LUO Z J,etal. Magnetite/N-doped carboxylate-rich carbon spheres: Synthesis, characterization and visible-light-induced photocatalytic properties[J]. Chin Chem Lett, 2013,24(1):63-66.

[3]XU T G, ZHANG L W, CHENG H Y,etal. Significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance of ZnO via graphene hybridization and the mechanism study[J]. Appl Catal B: Environ, 2011,101(3-4):382-387.

[4]WANG Y X, LI X Y, WANG N,etal. Controllable synthesis of ZnO nanoflowers and their morphology-dependent photocatalytic activities[J]. Sep Purif Technol, 2008,62(3):727-732.

[5]YAO Y, LI G H, CISTON S,etal. Photoreactive TiO2/carbon nanotube composites: synthesis and reactivity[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2008,42(13):4952-4957.

[6]TIAN L H, YE L Q, LIU J Y,etal. Solvothermal synthesis of CNTs-WO3hybrid nanostructures with high photocatalytic activity under visible light[J]. Catal Commun, 2012,17:99-103.

[8]SALEH T A, GONDAL M A, DRMOSH Q A,etal. Enhancement in photocatalytic activity for acetaldehyde removal by embedding ZnO nano particles on multiwall carbon nanotubes[J]. Chem Eng J, 2011,166(1):407-412.

[9]FU D Y, HAN G Y, CHANG Y Z,etal. The synthesis and properties of ZnO-graphene nano hybrid for photodegradation of organic pollutant in water[J]. Mater Chem Phys, 2012,132(2-3):673-681.

[10]FAN H G, ZHAO X T, YANG J H,etal. ZnO-graphene composite for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye[J]. Catal Commun, 2012,29:29-34.

[11]WANG J, GAO Z, LI Z S,etal. Green synthesis of graphene nanosheets/ZnO composites and electrochemical properties[J]. J Solid State Chem, 2011,184(6):1421-1427.

[12]GHULE A V, GHULE K, CHEN C Y,etal. In situ thermo-TOF-SIMS study of thermal decomposition of zinc acetate dehydrate[J]. J Mass Spectrom, 2004,39(10):1202-1208.

[13]GUO S H, PENG J H, LI W,etal. Effects of CO2activation on porous structures of coconut shell-based activated carbons[J]. Appl Surf Sci, 2009,255(20):8443-8449

[14]CHEN X Y, SONG H, ZHANG Z J,etal. A rational template carbonization method for producing highly porous carbon for supercapacitor application[J]. Electrochim Acta, 2014,117:55-61.

[15]TITIRICI M M, ANTONIETTI M, Chemistry and materials options of sustainable carbon materials made by hydrothermal carbonization[J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2010,39(1):103-116.

[16]LUO Z J, TANG H J, QU L L,etal. A visible-light-driven solid state photo-Fenton reagent based on magnetite/carboxylate-rich carbon spheres[J]. Cryst Eng Comm, 2012,14(18):5710-5713.

[17]YU J G, MA T T, LIU S W, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2aggregates by embedding carbon nanotubes as electron-transfer channel[J]. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 2011,13(8):3491-3501.

[18]WEI A, XIONG L, SUN L,etal. One-step electrochemical synthesis of a graphene-ZnO hybrid for improved photocatalytic activity[J]. Mater Res Bull, 2013,48(8):2855-2860.

[19]SUN J H, DONG S Y, WANG Y K,etal. Preparation and photocatalytic property of a novel dumbbell-shaped ZnO microcrystal photocatalyst[J]. J Hazard Mater, 2009,172(2/3):1520-1526.

(编辑杨春明)

ZnO/大孔碳复合材料的一步合成及其光催化性能

曲玲玲a，韩婷婷b，施鹤飞b，顾梦斌b，罗志军b*

(江苏大学a.化学化工学院;b.环境学院，中国 镇江212013)

摘要以硝酸锌和葡萄糖酸钠为原料，通过一步法合成纳米ZnO/大孔碳复合材料.葡萄糖酸钠不同官能团之间的协同作用在ZnO/大孔碳复合材料的生成过程中起到了重要作用.利用XRD，SEM，TEM，Raman和TGA对产品的物相、形貌和结构进行了表征.以亚甲基蓝(MB)为探针分子考察ZnO/大孔碳复合材料的光催化活性，结果表明，与商用ZnO粉末相比，ZnO/大孔碳复合材料具有更好的光催化活性.ZnO/大孔碳复合材料具有较高催化活性的可能原因是多孔碳具有优良的接受和传导电子性能，抑制了ZnO光生电子-空穴的复合几率，从而提高了光催化活性.

关键词大孔碳；氧化锌；光催化剂; 复合物

中图分类号O643.3

文献标识码A

文章编号1000-2537(2015)05-0048-05

通讯作者*,E-mail：lzj@ujs.edu.cn

收稿日期：2015-01-13基金项目：江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK2012716, BK20130485)；江苏省高校自然科学基金资助项目(12KJD15 0003)；江苏大学高级人才启动基金资助项目(12JDG052)

DOI:10.7612/j.issn.1000-2537.2015.05.008