Periodical Development Trend of Vertical Greening

Jinyan YlN，Xurong LUO，Jianxin XU，Jia WANG，Huarong LUO，Lina ZHONG，Jinping PENG，Lanlan SHAO

1.Shenzhen Tiehan and Ecology&Environment Co.Ltd，Shenzhen 518035，China；

2.Sichuan Engineering Technical College，Deyang 618000，China

Periodical Development Trend of Vertical Greening

Jinyan YlN1*，Xurong LUO1，Jianxin XU1，Jia WANG1，Huarong LUO1，Lina ZHONG1，Jinping PENG1，Lanlan SHAO2

1.Shenzhen Tiehan and Ecology&Environment Co.Ltd，Shenzhen 518035，China；

2.Sichuan Engineering Technical College，Deyang 618000，China

The research reviewed the development trend of vertical greening industry and divided it into four stages as follows:demand exploring phase，theory and technologydevelopmentandapplicationphases，andripening phase ofvertical greening system.The characteristics in different phases were detailed，providing

for development of vertical greening industry in future.

Vertical greening；Development theory in different phases；Trend

U rbanization isan inevitable trend of social development［1］，accompanied by deteriorating environment［2］.Currently，greening is a key way to resolve environmental issue and vertical greening makes up the deficiency of two-dimensional greening，increasing urban vegetation quantity and reducing dusts，noise and PM2.5content，as well as urban heat island effect. Therefore， vertical greening would become an important way for future urban afforestation［3］，andthedevelopmenttrend would draw much attention.The research classified vertical greening industry into demand exploration phase，theory and technology development phase，theory and technology application phase，and ripening phase of vertical greening system in order to reinforce recognition on vertical greening.

Demand Exploration Phase

Vertical greening just emerged at the right moment with urbanization，when people have increasingly high demands on living quality.However，the recognition is not so specific on vertical greening concept and vertical greening is still classified as per appearance into vertical greening，roof greening，tree-surrounding greening and viaduct afforestation［4］.Besides，vertical greening is mainly guided by soilless cultivation according to two-dimensional theory and most cases are vertical displaying of two-dimensional greening［5-6］.On the other hand，the rules are not so complete on vertical greening，for most rely on two-dimensional greening modes.In the phase，people’s awareness on vertical greening maintains just so superficial，but market demands are broadening，with a low start，so that it is much easier to make breakthrough in terms of theory and technology.It is notable that the lack of rules leads to high afforestation cost，short-term effect and difficulty of maintenance［7-8］.In the phase，the first priority should be given to theory，as well as improvements on vertical greening theory depending on governments and scientific research institutions.

lmproved Phase in Terms of Theory and Technology

Vertical greening is an organic integration of plant，substrate，water，sunlight and techniques.Hence，thestarting point should be theory and technology of fields above such as transgenic technology，soilless culture，precision agriculture technology，aeroponics，floating capillary hydroponics and intelligent control technique.

Plant species

It is necessary to introduce many adaptive plants and conduct a test on plants as per vertical greening demandsinorder to selectsuitable plants［9］.What’s more，it is crucial to introduce hybridization and transgenosis to develop new species and enhance function of vertical greening plants.In addition，it is crucial to conduct further research on growth rule and root character in small space for vertical greening.

Substrate

It is necessary to explore the substrate featured by environment-friendliness，light weight and water retention in terms of type，ratio and shape. Meanwhile，permeability characteristics and decomposition rate should also be taken into consideration.As for vertical greening，substrates become not so sensitive to changes of temperature，humidity and evaporation，and it is significant to research the way for making up the deficiency by adjusting structure or substrate components. Besides，plants grow on a building’s facade and safety is the first priority. Therefore，it provides a more stable support for vegetation growth at meeting demands on water and fertilizer in order to withstand natural disasters.

lrrigation

Because of special character of substrates and irrigation development，water conservation should be highlighted for vertical greening，base of which is necessary to further exploit irrigation method suitable for vertical greening.Meanwhile，irrigation should coincide with specific technique and substrate property.

Supplementary lighting

It mainly occurs when sunlight is insufficient or when plants have higher demands on sunlight.Considering from technology，it is feasible to consider from the perspective of lighting homogeneity and fixed lighting.From the aspect of design，it is key to coordinate supplementary lighting with surroundings without adverse effects.

Techniques

Attention should be paid to material development on basis of buildings and environment for safety of vertical greening.As for structure，uniform stress and barycenter should be guaranteed depending on architecture traits and vertical greening can be divided into one-plant planting and multiple-plants planting.Specifically，the early stage of the first planting proves better，but the limitations are much significant with root growth.Therefore，it is necessary to well handle the relationship between root growth space and the quantity of adult plant roots.In terms of multiple-plant planting，the growing spaces are larger and later growth stage proves stable.However，there is a high demand on penetration and diffusivity of water and substrates. Hence，it becomes crucial for achieving uniform diffusion of water in substrate to welladjustwater-supply mode and substrate type.Finally，vegetables grow straight or inclined.For example， the vegetation growing straight is similar to two-dimensional greening.In contrast，the latter actually has an increasing high demand on substrate and techniques and the inclined degree decides the range of greening，which aims at releasing inverted growth of vegetation.

System control

It is necessary to conduct intelligent management on control technology on basis of well-researched water and fertilizer rules of vegetation，waterretaining property and hydraulic conductivity.For green wall，the demands are improving on precision and detection zone of controller’s probe because the growth environment is harder compared with two-dimensional environment.Besides，the improvement and development of controllers is advancing towards sophisticated management at the phase.For instance，due to smaller growth space for vegetation in vertical environment，it is difficult for soil-water analyzer to measure the substrates，which demands micro-sensitive probes for developed devices.In addition，it is important to establish a set of vertical greening environment assessment system and develop instruments for measuring photosynthesis oxygen evolution rate， absorbed CO，formaldehyde，PM2.5because the objective of vertical greening is to improve.

Assessment system

On one hand，it is key to conduct assessment on green wall in terms of growth and stability of vegetation to be planted，as well as feedback and improvement on vegetation，substrate，waterand sunlightsupplying，and techniques.On the other hand，it is necessary to make assessment on improvements of green wall on surroundings，including photosynthesis oxygen evolution rate，absorbed CO，formaldehyde，PM2.5，and comprehensive evaluation on social and economic benefits.

In conclusion，the targets in the phase are as follows:selection and assessment system on plants suitable for vertical greening，assessment indices of new light water-retention substrate and vertical greening substrate，water supplying and technology，intelligent control technique，development on new techniques and light and environment-friendly materials for vertical greening，assessment system and relevant device development of green wall.It is notable that vertical greening is an industry concerning multiple subjects，and it is necessary to conduct further research on every branch and conclude relevant theory and technology system.

Theory and Technology Application Phase

A project is an ideal carrier of theory and technology.In the application phase，sample projects would be established with sophisticated technology system as a breakthrough to draw attention and gain acceptance of governments and society，based on which greening scale is extending，covering number，type and terrain，so that both of technology and theory are improving from practice.Meanwhile，vertical greening materialsare increasingly localized，marketized and standardized，accelerating connection and development of upstream and downstream industries.It is notable that the phase is an ideal term for vertical greening development，featured by advancing theory and technology，whenfinal standard system is established. And it will definitely take the place of two-dimensional greening in future.

Three targets should be accomplished in the phase including definition （in narrow sense）on vertical greening，improvements on vertical greening type and technology system，and improvements on enterprise standard and industry standard of vertical greening.

Ripening Phase of Vertical Greening System

Advanced by the third phase，vertical greening patterns tend to be volatile as relevant technology develops to meet site conditions and diversified demands.Besides，upstream and downstream industries develop stable and lay a foundation for vertical greening.It is notable that the phase is a golden term for vertical greening enterprises to establish self-owned brands with social effect.

In the phase，vertical greening starts to change from construction-oriented to maintenance-oriented.In terms of technology，it is key to research how to guarantee vertical greening a long-term stable ecosystem.From the perspective of art，it is important to integrate aesthetics，culture and artfactors into vertical greening，making it an indispensable part of people’s life.

Conclusions

Vertical greening，booming upon urbanization，is a kind of product resulting from transformation of the nature and a crucial part of future urbanization.It is updating based on two-dimensional greening and of great value in theory of ecological city and lowcarbon city［10-11］，showing a promising prospect［12］.

［1］LI RG （李容根）.Major problems and route selection of coordinated development of industrialization and urbanization in China（论我国工业化与城市化协调发展的主要问题和路径选择）［J］.China Opening Herald（开放导报），2007，（1）: 36-41.

［2］SHEN HY（沈洪艳），SONG CY（宋存义），JIA JH（贾建和），et al.Main Eco-environmentalProblemsofUrbanization and Ecological City Construction in China（城市化进程中的生态环境问题及生态城市建设）［J］.Journal of Hebei Normal University（Natural Science Edition）（河北师范大学学报 （自然科学版）），2006，30（6）:726-730，

［3］HOU XW（侯晓巍），HAO LJ（郝丽静）. Advices on vertical greening in Xian（西安市垂直绿化建设之意见）［J］.Shaanxi Forest Science and Technology（陕西林业科技），2007，（3）:122-126

［4］SUN YB（孙永波）.Analysis on urban vertical greening（浅析城市立体绿化）［J］. Modern Horticulture（现代园艺），2011，（13）:162，165

［5］XIE DY（谢冬勇）.The situation analysis of vertical greening and the exploration of promoting the construction ways in Guangzhou city（广州市城市立体绿化现状分析及推进建设途径探索）［J］.Urbanism and Architecture（城市建筑），2014，（14）:301-301.

［6］HAN BJ（韩宝娟）.Research on application of vertical greening in northern cities with a case of Xi’an（北方城市立体绿化应用研究——以西安为例）［D］. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology（西安建筑科技大学），2012.

［7］ZHANG X（张校）.Analysis on World Expo and urban vertical greening（世博会与城市立体绿化现状分析）［J］.Modern Agricultural Science and Technology（现代农业科技），2010，（17）:241-242.

［8］ZHONG ZW（仲志文）.Analysis on problems existing in vertical greening（立体绿化中存在的问题分析）［J］.Urban construction theory research（城市建设理论研究（电子版）），2013，（24）

［9］GU MP（顾美萍）.Application of vegetation in vertical greening（植物材料在立体绿化中的运用）［J］.Northern Horticulture（北方园艺），2009，（7）:217-219.

［10］LIU YZ（刘应珍）.Vertical greening status quo and development strategies in the context of low-carbon cities（低碳生态城市背景下贵阳市立体绿化现状及发展对策）［J］.Modern Horticulture（现代园艺），2013，（18）:147-148.

［11］LUo SY（罗舒雅）.Low Carbon City Space Environment and the Vertical Planting（低碳城市空间环境与立体绿化研究）［J］.Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences（安徽农业科学），2015，（3）:186-189，192.

［12］LONG CY（龙春英），LUO JL（罗建亮），LEI P（雷平），et al.Study on Tridimensional Virescence of Architecture（建筑立体绿化研究）［J］.Journal of Anhui A-gricultural Sciences（安徽农业科学），2007，35（31）:9896-9897.

Responsible editor：Xiaoxue WANG

Responsible proofreader：Xiaoyan WU

浅议垂直绿化行业的阶段性发展趋势

殷金岩1*，罗旭荣1，许建新1，王佳1，骆华容1，钟丽娜1，彭金平1，邵兰兰2（1.深圳市铁汉生态环境股份有限公司，广东深圳518035；2.四川工程职业技术学院，四川德阳618000）

该文简要介绍垂直绿化行业的的发展趋势。并把垂直绿化行业分为需求探索阶段、理论和技术发展阶段、理论和技术应用阶段和垂直绿化体系成熟阶段4个阶段，对每个阶段的特点进行了详细的介绍。并为垂直绿化行业的发展方向与趋势提供较好的参考价值。

垂直绿化；阶段性发展理论；趋势

深圳市城管科研所资金项目：墙面绿化集成新技术研究（201208-1）。

殷金岩（1986-），男，河南商丘人，硕士，工程师，研究方向：立体绿化技术开发和应用，E-mail：yinjinyan@sztechand.com.cn。*通讯作者。

2015-10-04

Supported by Shenzhen Urban Management Science Research Fund（201208-1）.

*Corresponding author.E-mail:yinjinyan@sztechand.com.cn

Received:October 4，2015 Accepted:November 16，2015

修回日期 2015-11-16