建在别处：中国建筑师的境外实践

建在别处：中国建筑师的境外实践

《世界建筑》的读者朋友，

《世界建筑》在传统上是把国外建筑师作品介绍到中国，或说是“输入”；本期《世界建筑》关注的是一个相反方向的问题，即“输出”——中国建筑师的境外实践。

在加入WTO之后，中国在建筑设计市场方面给我们的印象更多是一个“输入”国。也许源于发达国家建筑设计的理念，也许源于兴建者对外国事物的热忱，也许源于壮大的中产阶级永不停息的对时尚与新奇的追求，我国大中城市重要建筑的设计权超乎正常比例地被外国建筑师获得。我们几乎认为中国建筑师在境内市场上战稳脚跟已属不易，更不用说去境外实践了。

然而事实上，中国建筑师的境外实践从新中国建立之后不久起，一直未曾间断过，只不过这种实践始终没有成为众所周知的主流。本期专辑通过所收录的有限的建筑作品，试图在一定程度上呈现这种实践的线索。

中国建筑师的境外实践大致可以分为4种类型：第一种，是中国拥有的境外资产项目，从使馆、文化中心、企业资产到学术机构，投资者、建设者、所有者和使用者全部为中方的不同群体。此类项目自建国初期起就一直存在，多由国有大型设计院通过委托（或近来的竞赛）获得设计权。第二种，是中国对其他发展中国家的援助建设项目，投资者、建设者为中方，所有者、使用者为外方。这类项目自20世纪中后期起一直存在，多由国有大型设计院通过委托或竞赛的方式获得设计权。第三种，是中国的工程承包商输出项目，投资者为外方，建设者为中方，所有者、使用者为外方。这类项目的出现源于近期中国大规模城市化与基础设施建设所锤炼的中国承包商竞争力，多由国有大型设计院通过委托或竞赛的方式获得设计权。第四种，是不具备前三种特征的其他境外项目，投资者、建设者、所有者和使用者全部为外方。此类项目是伴随着中国当代建筑师的设计竞争力的增强而出现的，多由中国建筑师通过国际竞赛的方式获得设计权。

不难看出，上述的第一、二种类型记录着中国建筑师对国家外交与国际关系的贡献，而第三、四种（特别是第四种）则是中国建筑师通过设计实力或工程技术实力积极自主地参与国际竞争的印证。

我们当然乐于在不久的将来看到中国建筑师的境外实践能够成为中国建筑师实践活动的主流组成部分。

Dear Reader,

It was a tradition of World Architecture to introduce foreign architects and their works to China. In this issue, we are not doing something in the same direction, but rather the other way around, We are focusing on the practice of Chinese architects abroad.

After joining WTO, China opened up the design market to foreign architects and has become a de-facto "import" country in this regard. A recent phenomenon is that important projects in major Chinese cities are given to foreign architects disproportionately. To many, for the Chinese architects, it is already difficult to keep the ground in the domestic market, let alone competing abroad.

Yet Chinese architects have been continuously making buildings abroad. It is just that these kind of projects are usually overlooked.

There are four types of projects in which Chinese architects work on a building to be built abroad: I/ Chinese properties overseas. Usually these projects are commissioned by the government or state-owned firms to large state-owned design institutes. II/ Chinese donation projects to other developing countries. These projects too are usually commissioned by state-related entities to state-owned design institutes. III/ Projects with Chinese contractors in which state-owned design institutes are invited to having partnership with Chinese contractors. Normally engineering power is the most important factor in these projects. IV/ Other normal foreign projects in which Chinese architects compete by the international norms with design being the key to success.

Obviously, types I and II projects register Chinese architects' contribution to Chinese international relations. Types III and IV projects are evidences of Chinese architects competing more autonomously on the international stage, either by engineering power or by design.

It is interesting to see whether in the coming years, there will be a surge of Chinese architects' works abroad.