王少川(综述),宋 武(审校)
(中山大学附属第一医院胃肠胰外科,广州 510080)
骨髓间质干细胞在结直肠肿瘤微环境中的作用
王少川△(综述),宋武※(审校)
(中山大学附属第一医院胃肠胰外科,广州 510080)
摘要:骨髓间质干细胞(MSCs)是由中胚层发育而来的一类成体干细胞,存在于全身结缔组织和器官间质中,属于骨髓非造血干细胞,具有干细胞的一般特性,即自我更新以及多向分化能力。MSCs能够促进结直肠肿瘤的生长。在肿瘤条件下,骨髓中的MSCs随血运迁至肿瘤微环境,参与肿瘤的构建过程。MSCs促进肿瘤侵袭的机制是复杂的,包括MSCs转化为肿瘤相关纤维母细胞参与肿瘤间质的形成以及MSCs对微环境的调节作用。MSCs在结直肠癌靶向治疗策略中的应用前景是广阔的,通过不断的研究,将为MSCs在临床中的安全应用提供新的理论依据。
关键词:结直肠肿瘤;骨髓间质干细胞;肿瘤相关纤维母细胞
早在1889年,Paget[1]即提出肿瘤生长的“种子-土壤学说”,器官微环境(“土壤”)可影响特定肿瘤细胞(“种子”)的种植、侵袭、存活、生长。回顾近年来肿瘤学研究进展不难发现,肿瘤的发生及转移并不仅和肿瘤细胞自身有关,肿瘤细胞的周边环境对肿瘤的生长也发挥重要作用[2]。肿瘤微环境包含多种成分,骨髓间质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是其中重要的一群,MSCs在肿瘤微环境中的作用一直是学者们关注的焦点。MSCs是由中胚层发育而来的一类成体干细胞,具有干细胞的一般特性,即自我更新及多向分化的能力,这些特点尤其体现在间质干细胞对损伤组织的归巢与修复作用上[3]。随着干细胞工程技术的进步,间质干细胞与肿瘤间的关系备受瞩目。已经证实,间质干细胞对于肿瘤组织亦能表现出类似于炎性白细胞的归巢作用[4]。近年来,随着诊断技术的进步,癌前病变检出率显著提高,结直肠癌的病死率大幅降低[5]。美国癌症联合会公布的结果显示,Ⅰ期结直肠癌患者5年生存率为93.2%,而Ⅳ期只有8.1%[6]。可见,晚期结直肠癌的预后不容乐观,其死因多为肿瘤向肝、肺、腹腔淋巴结等多器官转移[7]。该文回顾并总结了MSCs与结直肠肿瘤微环境之间关系的研究方法及结果,旨在为结直肠癌早期诊断、预测转移风险、评估预后、研发新型靶向治疗策略等方面提供新的思路和认识。
1MSCs的细胞学特性
MSCs存在于全身结缔组织和器官间质中,属于骨髓非造血干细胞,具有干细胞的一般特性;在适当的条件下,MSCs可分化为软骨细胞、脂肪细胞、肌细胞等多种细胞[8]。在细胞培养中,MSCs具有贴壁生长的特点,表达细胞表面标志(CD105、CD90、CD73等),不表达典型的造血细胞标志(如CD14、CD34、CD19、CD45等)[9]。基于这些特性,在组织发生损伤时,MSCs能够被募集到损伤组织参与组织修复,遂被广泛应用于再生医学等领域。研究人员通过比较肿瘤与组织损伤过程,发现其相似之处,即肿瘤同样可以释放细胞因子、趋化因子以及生长因子等炎性介质[10]。试验表明,在神经胶质瘤[11]、乳腺[12-14]、结肠[15]、卵巢[16]、肺及其他转移性肿瘤[17-18]的微环境中,这种定向迁移的机制同样存在;骨髓中的MSCs随血运迁移至肿瘤部位,参与肿瘤的构建过程[14]。Chamberlain等[8]推测,整合蛋白和黏附分子参与调控MSCs的迁移。研究者们通过构建其他类型的肿瘤模型,发现了一系列参与这一过程的调节因子(如内皮生长因子、趋化因子)[4]。但目前针对结直肠肿瘤构建模型的研究尚不多见,有待进行更深入的研究去探索MSCs在结直肠肿瘤微环境下的作用和机制。
2MSCs与肿瘤相关纤维母细胞
MSCs类似白细胞可定向迁移至肿瘤部位。MSCs在肿瘤微环境中的间接作用基于一种假设,即MSCs是肿瘤相关纤维母细胞(tumor associated fibroblast,TAF)的前体[19]。TAF是肿瘤微环境中的重要细胞群,在肿瘤微环境中参与血管构建,促进肿瘤细胞浸润、转移[20]。研究者通过免疫组织化学方法证实,TAF能够表达α平滑肌蛋白、大量胶原以及其他基质成分,是胶原积聚和组织结构改变的重要原因[21]。此外,TAF分泌可溶性因子(如转化生长因子、血小板衍生生长因子等)促进肿瘤细胞的生长和侵袭,且两者共同反馈,构成肿瘤生长、浸润和转移的微环境[22]。在肿瘤微环境中,两者均可利用肿瘤细胞代谢出的乳酸盐作为能量来源,参与肿瘤的构建[23]。可见,MSCs和TAF的关系是十分密切的。据Shinagawa等[24]的研究报道,MSCs在结直肠癌微环境中表达α平滑肌蛋白;而Nakagawa等[25]通过免疫荧光检测出转移性结直肠癌TAF中亦表达此蛋白;不仅如此,他还通过聚合酶链式反应检测到结直肠TAF中波形蛋白的表达。波形蛋白是存在于MSCs中的一种中间丝蛋白,能够调节细胞骨架蛋白、细胞黏附分子等蛋白间的相互作用,参与肿瘤细胞和肿瘤相关内皮细胞、巨噬细胞的黏附、迁移、侵袭和细胞信号转导等[26]。可见,波形蛋白与肿瘤发生、转移密切相关,是MSCs的重要标志。这些MSCs与TAF的共性表达,均支持“MSCs是TAF的前体”这一假说。
3MSCs与结直肠肿瘤的形成和转移
体外实验证实,MSCs能够同时抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和凋亡;然而体内试验发现,MSCs通过免疫抑制作用,能够降低淋巴细胞活性,重构肿瘤微环境,使其更利于肿瘤的生长[27]。Tsai等[28]将MSCs与结直肠癌细胞混合后进行体外培养,发现MSCs能够通过旁分泌作用直接促进肿瘤生长。Shinagawa等[24]将人类骨源性MSCs按不同比例与癌细胞混合后接种于小鼠体内,并与单独接种癌细胞的小鼠进行对照,结果发现较高比例的MSCs明显促进了结直肠癌的生长和转移,而较低比例的MSCs不能催生结直肠癌的转移。另据Liu等[29]的研究,较之未经处理过的MSCs,干扰素γ和肿瘤坏死因子α预刺激过的MSCs通过活化低氧诱导因子1α信号通路,表达更高水平的血管内皮细胞生长因子,从而更好地促进肿瘤血管构建;对照组数据提示,即便混合培养的MSCs比例较低,但在某些炎性因子刺激下,MSCs亦能够发挥更大的促肿瘤作用。上述研究均构建于小鼠模型之中,其人为设定的MSCs与癌细胞比例,不能充分反映MCSs在人体肿瘤微环境中的作用,未来应通过模拟更趋近于人体结直肠肿瘤微环境中的MSCs比例,来证实这一观点。转化生长因子β是另一类重要的慢性炎性因子,传统观点认为转化生长因子β的表达可以抑制肿瘤细胞的繁殖。据Shangguan等[30]报道,抑制转化生长因子β/Smad信号通路可以有效阻止MSCs向TAF转化,继而达到抗肿瘤的目的。Calon等[31]的研究却提示,转化生长因子β在微环境中的表达能够促进结直肠肿瘤的转移。MSCs与转化生长因子β信号通路间的复杂关系值得进一步探索。MSCs具有免疫调节功能,在某些因子的作用下,可以对淋巴细胞产生抑制作用,继而促进肿瘤逃避免疫监视[32]。另有学者研究发现,MSCs可以增强B细胞的活力,但抑制B细胞的增殖[33-34]。而Corcione等[35]认为,B细胞分泌细胞因子的活动并不受MSCs的影响。Schioppa等[36]发现一种调节性B细胞(tumor-evoked Bregs,tBreg),在肿瘤微环境中抑制了抗肿瘤免疫,使肿瘤坏死因子α促进肿瘤生长。肿瘤微环境中产生的肿瘤坏死因子α通过诱导核因子κB抗凋亡分子的表达而促进肿瘤细胞存活、促进肿瘤血管新生,抑制T细胞反应逃避免疫监视[37]。Olkhanud等[38]通过小鼠模型发现,tBreg借助生长因子β,使静止的CD4+T细胞向叉头状转录因子3+调节性T细胞转化,进而促进肿瘤的转移。这进一步说明tBreg可以促进肿瘤生长。然而,肿瘤微环境中的MSCs是否能够促进或抑制tBreg产生,两者之间有何联系,具体发挥何种作用,这些问题仍不明确。尽管上述研究是基于人乳腺癌细胞株小鼠构建的模型,但已有文献报道叉头状转录因子3+调节性T细胞与结肠癌细胞之间的紧密联系[39]。因此,tBreg与MSCs的关系及作用机制更加值得关注。
4MSCs与上皮细胞间质转化
上皮细胞间质转化(epithelial to mesenchymal transition,EMT)的概念于20世纪80年代被提出,后被学者阐释出在结直肠癌原发性浸润以及继发性转移中占举足轻重的地位[40]。EMT通过减弱依赖于E2钙黏蛋白的胞间黏附并且提高癌细胞机动性,从而增强癌细胞浸润能力,使上皮细胞失去原有特性,并获得间质转化[41]。Loboda等[42]通过调查326例结肠癌患者得出结论,结肠癌发生过程中主要的基因表达过程与EMT高度相关。Varnat等[43]的研究认为,人结直肠癌上皮细胞激活Hedgehog/Gli1信号通路,引发致瘤性EMT的作用。致瘤性EMT通过活化Wnt/β联蛋白信号通路,赋予癌细胞一系列干细胞学特性和转移侵袭的能力[44]。据此认为,在结直肠肿瘤微环境中,癌细胞通过EMT作用获得了迁移性的表型。癌细胞由EMT作用而获得干细胞特性,使得研究人员对MSCs和EMT之间存在的联系产生了兴趣,Martin等[45]的体外研究表明,乳腺癌微环境中的MSCs可以刺激上皮细胞发生EMT;Bhattacharya等[46]将MSCs与肝癌细胞混合培养,发现MSCs增强了EMT标志性波形蛋白的表达、参与钙黏素的调控,同时癌细胞转移侵袭机制的转录因子Snail和Slug表达亦见增多。这进一步说明MSCs在肿瘤微环境中促生EMT,而MSCs在结直肠癌微环境中是否具有类似的作用有待于进一步探索。
5小结
MSCs促进肿瘤侵袭的机制是复杂的,包括MSCs转化为TAF参与间质形成以及MSCs对微环境的调节。MSCs与结直肠肿瘤的浸润、转移间的关系,目前认识仍不够清晰。MSCs旁分泌因子的作用及相关调控机制,需要进一步探明。同时,在结直肠癌微环境中,MSCs与调节性免疫细胞间的潜在联系也是值得探索的。未来应更加注重MSCs的体内研究,构建出更好的生物模型以更加真实地反映出人体内环境中的MSCs分布,来阐释MSCs结直肠癌环境下的作用机制。
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Study on the Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Colorectal Tumor Microenvironment
WANGShao-chuan,SONGWu.
(DepartmentofGastrointestinalPancreaticSurgery,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofSunyat-senUniversity,Guangzhou510080,China)
Abstract:Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) are a type of adult stem cells,which are developed from the mesoderm.They exist in the interstitium of connective tissues and organs in the whole body,and belong to the bone marrow non-hematopoietic stem cells.It has the general characteristics of stem cells,namely the ability of self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation.MSCs could promote the growth of colorectal cancer.Under the condition of tumor,MSCs move along with the blood stream to the tumor microenvironment,and participate in the process of the construction of the tumor.The mechanism of MSCs in promoting tumor invasion is complex,which includes MSCs′ transformation into tumor associated fibroblast (TAF) to participate in the formation of stroma and their regulating effect on tumor microenviroment.The application prospect of MSCs in colorectal cancer targeted therapy strategy is extensive,further study in this area will provide new theoretical basis for its safety applications.
Key words:Colorectal tumor; Mesenchymal stem cells; Tumor associated fibroblast
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.03.019
中图分类号:R735
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1006-2084(2015)03-0434-04
收稿日期:2014-03-20修回日期:2014-08-08编辑:辛欣