重庆与曼谷：山水之间，合作之城

□ 文/何琴

重庆与曼谷：山水之间，合作之城

□ 文/何琴

城市简介

曼谷，别名“天使之城”、“佛庙之都”，位于湄南河畔，是黄袍之国泰国的首都，亦是泰国政治、经济、文化、教育、交通运输中心及最大城市。曼谷市内河道纵横，货运频繁，有“东方威尼斯”之称，而曼谷港，是泰国和世界著名的稻米输出港之一。曼谷一直以旅游和佛教盛名。2013年被评选为全球最受欢迎的旅游城市，世界著名的大王宫、鳄鱼潭、考艾国家公园等旅游景点坐落在曼谷；曼谷也是众多佛教寺庙的聚集地，历史悠久的玉佛寺、卧佛寺、金佛寺是朝圣之旅的最佳选择。曼谷佛教文化浓厚，人们的日常生活与佛教息息相关，其中有很多禁忌，游客需尊重当地习俗。

近几十年来，曼谷发展迅速，一跃成为了泰国最大、东南亚第二大城市，并逐步发展成为国际大都市。曼谷城内设有联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会总部、世界银行、世界卫生组织、国际劳工组织以及20多个国际机构的区域办事处。曼谷还是世界佛教联谊会总部及国际亚洲理工学院所在地。近年来，曼谷与中国的许多城市建立了友好关系，如与北京、潮州、广州、重庆等跨国城际间的交往常年不断。2011年9月26日重庆与曼谷签署了友好城市协议书，成为第四个与曼谷缔结“姐妹城市”友好关系的中国城市。

外事知识

直航外交

直航是指签署了通航协议的两地飞机由双方机场而不经由第三地直接航行。直航能起到节约出行时间、降低出行成本的作用。直航为两地人员往来、经济合作和各项交流提供了便利的交通运输条件。

“直航外交”是指由一国境内一点或多点与国外一点或多点之间开通的国际直接航空客运线往往能够改善两地交通运输条件，同时加强两国的人员往来，促进两国的经济、文化、政治、社会等方面的交流与合作，进而达到外交的目的，其具有国家外交具体的表现形式与方式。

“直航外交”在国际友好城市间被广泛使用。中国重庆与泰国曼谷于2011年9月26日结为友好城市，两地于2012年3月23日正式开通直飞航线，成为开启两地友好关系的钥匙，为两地、两国的各项交流合作架起空中桥梁。经过四年的发展，重庆与曼谷的直飞航线不断完善，成为我国与泰国“直航外交”的范例。

商务外交

商务外交，一般是指一国政府用贸易和投资等商务手段来达成与其他国家的外交活动。商务外交的主体既有国家间的政府也有国内政府与企业之间的合作。就重庆来讲，渝洽会就是一个存在多年业已成熟的商务外交的范本。

渝洽会，全称中国（重庆）国际投资暨全球采购会，是重庆建设内陆开放高地的重要载体，是商务部、国务院三峡办、中国贸促会等国家部委，重庆市及全国20多个省市区人民政府联合主办的一项重要贸易投资促进活动。经过多年的培育与发展，目前已成为西部领先、国内一流的大型国际性展会，为西部地区参与经济全球化进程、开展多种形式经贸合作、促进东中西部区域经济协调发展搭建了良好的平台。

外事案例

重庆与曼谷架起“空中桥梁”

2011年9月26日，中国重庆与泰国曼谷结为友好城市，曼谷成为第一个与重庆建立友好城市的外国首都城市。两市自结为友好城市以来，就致力于尽快实现两地直航。2012年3月23日，亚洲航空的一架空客A320型飞机，从曼谷顺利飞抵重庆江北国际机场，重庆至曼谷定点直飞航班正式开通。2013年10月27日，泰国微笑航空正式开通重庆-曼谷航线。这也是重庆第二条直飞曼谷的定期航线。2015年9月2日，一架空客A320飞机加入重庆航空公司机队，将执飞重庆航空年底开通的曼谷航线，这是重庆本土航空公司首次开通国际航线。

重庆与曼谷直飞航线开通，两地空中交通日益改善，中国游客将大幅增加，也将带动曼谷乃至全国其他城市的旅游业发展。在为泰国创造更多外汇的同时，也将有力促进相关产业的发展与完善，实现其经济的可持续发展。

曼谷是泰国首都，还是泰国及东南亚的门户和经济中心；重庆是中国的直辖市，是中国中西部门户和长江上游的经济中心。中泰两国民族文化都非常丰富。直航增加了两国的经贸往来，两国的文化交往也更加密切。这条“空中桥梁”的不断发展完善，对促进两国的各方面交流与合作，都具有重要意义。

泰国曼谷与第十八届“渝洽会”

第十八届“渝洽会”于2015年5月28日到31日在重庆国际博览中心举行。“渝洽会”期间，重点推介了“一带一路”沿线和亚太国家的投资机遇，集中展示先进制造业、现代服务业和居民消费等领域的新产品、新技术，举办多场国际投资贸易高层次论坛及系列专题活动、专场投资采购对接会和区域合作等相关活动。

以渝洽会作为两国政府和企业之间合作的平台，中泰之间达成不少双边或多边协议，推动了两地之间的合作与发展。第十八届渝洽会将中国（重庆）—东盟经贸合作恳谈会提上日程，推介巴南公路口岸，促进重庆与东盟国家在基础设施互联互通、物流货运、房地产、农产品进口等领域的投资贸易合作，与泰国签订重庆单轨技术海外推广联合体。

虽然重庆已经与曼谷实现直航，但一些基本农产品的保障用飞机运输成本太高，及时修通公路不仅造福两地人民还能促进两地乃至两国之间的经贸交流。

延伸阅读

城市与水

据国家旅游局统计，2014年全年，中国到泰国旅游人次达到400万，仅2015年上半年，中国到泰国的人次已经刷新了前一年的全年记录。作为东南亚地区的第二大城市，曼谷以什么魅力吸引着中国游客呢？答案是多样的，在各色的回答中，水是最不容易被忽略的一个因素。世界上的著名城市，几乎都与水有着深厚的感情，曼谷也不例外。重庆作为一座山城，与水也有紧密联系。在某种程度上，可以说是水成就了这些城市的辉煌。

翻开泰国地图，可以发现一条河纵贯泰国南北，这条河被称作昭披耶河，又名湄南河，在泰语中是“母亲河”的意思，该河在泰国历史上的重要性犹如黄河对中国的重要性。滔滔蜿蜒的湄南河流经曼谷市，将城市一分为二。东岸是现代繁华的市区，西岸则是较为乡土的曼谷。正是这条河，造就了曼谷市内四通八达的水网，形成了当地特色：水上人家和水上市场。重庆，作为一个山城，最独特的地方在于其山上山下，山上人家和山上市场。不经意间，可以发现两个城市间的某种契合点。

说到泼水节，人们不禁会想到傣族泼水节，其实泼水节也是东南亚其他国家人民的节日。在泰国，泼水节即泰历新年，又名宋干节，“宋干”是“新的太阳年开始”，有万象更新之意。泼水节是泰国一年当中最隆重欢乐的节日。每逢泼水节，泰国全境盛况空前。节日期间，人们相互泼水，以示庆祝，洗去一年的晦气，迎来平安顺畅的新年。泼水习俗原本带有宗教意味，现在更多带有娱乐和嬉戏的因素，不管老人、小孩还是年轻人，在泼水节期间都沉浸其中。

当前，越来越多的中国游客到泰国欢度泼水节，通过水这个特殊的介质，洗涤人们的心灵，重新认识彼此，重新建构新友谊，在两国人民之间架起交往的桥梁。

● 作者为四川外国语大学国际关系学院硕士研究生

Source form internet

Introduction of Bangkok

Bangkok， also named as City of Angles and City of Temples， lies on the west bank of the Chao Phraya River. As the capital of Thailand，it is the center of politics， economy， culture，education， transportation， and the most populous city of Thailand. In Bangkok， the water-based transport plays an important role and connects upstream and downstream provinces， which is known as “Venice of the East”. Bangkok Port is one of Thailand's main international ports for rice. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations. It is named as the “World's Best City” in 2013. There are many famous tourist attractions located in Bangkok， including the Grand Palace， Crocodile Farm， Khao Yai National Park and so on. Bangkok is also known for many Buddhist temples， among which Wat Phra Kaew， Wat Pho， Wat Arun are the best choices for pilgrimage. The Buddhist culture has a deep-rooted inf uence on Thai culture and people's daily life. There are many taboos， so visitors need to respect their local customs.

In recent decades， Bangkok develops so rapidly that it becomes the largest city in Thailand and the second largest one in Southeast Asia， and gradually develops into an international metropolis. The headquarter of U.N. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacif c， and the regional off ces of the World Bank， the World Health Organization，the International Labour Organization and more than 20 other representative offices of international organizations are located in the city. Bangkok is also the site of the World Buddhist Association and the International Asian Institute of Technology. In recent years， Bangkok has established profound friendship with many cities of China， such as Beijing， Tianjin， Chaozhou，Guangzhou， Chongqing. On September 26，2011， Chongqing and Bangkok signed sister city agreements， and Chongqing became the fourth sister city of Bangkok in China.

Knowledge of Foreign Affairs

Nonstop Flights Diplomacy

Nonstop flight allows planes to commute between two airports in different places without another transfer station under the contract signed by both party. Nonstop f ight saves time and money. It facilitates mutual visit， economic cooperation and exchanges of all sorts of people from these two places by making the transportation easier.

“Nonstop Flights Diplomacy” refers to a non-stop international airline linking one or several Chinese airports with their out bounded counterparts， which will normally helps to improve the transport environment of both. It fulfills its diplomatic purpose in a specif c form and way by encouraging further people-to-people visit and promoting the economic，cultural， political and social cooperation between the two countries.

“Nonstop Flights Diplomacy” strategy is widely adopted by the world's sister-cities. In 2011， Chongqing and Bangkok became the sister city on September 26. Their nonstop airline was put into service on March 23， 2012， opening up a friendly bilateral relationship， bridging the cooperation of all kinds between both the cities and the states. After four years' efforts，constant progress has made in improving the Chongqing-Bangkok airline， setting a good example among other Sino-Thai“Nonstop Flights Diplomacy”.

Commercial Diplomacy

Commercial diplomacy generally refers to a government used such as trade and investment， business means to achieve diplomatic activities with other countries. The main business of diplomacy both between countries the government also has the cooperation between government and enterprises between domestic. As for Chongqing， “CCISF” is a mature business for many years which has been a model for diplomatic presence.

“CCISF”， China （Chongqing） International Investment and Global Sourcing， is an important carrier of the construction in inland of Chongqing. It was held by the Ministry of Commerce，the State Council Three Gorges Project Construction， China CCPIT and other ministries， Chongqing and the country more than 20 provinces and cities an important trade and investment District People's Government. After years of training and development， it has become the leading western and domestic first-class large-scale international exhibition for the western region to participate in the process of economic globalization，various forms of economic and trade cooperation and promote coordinated economic development of central and western regions to build a good platform.

The Case of Foreign Affairs

Chong Qing and Bangkok Set up “Air Bridge”

On September 26， 2011， Chongqing， China established a sister city with Bangkok， Thailand， the first foreign capital city to establish a sister city with Chongqing. Since the two cities became sister cities， they had committed to direct f ights between two cities as soon as possible. On March 23， 2012，when Air Asia's Airbus A320 aircraft successfully flew from Bangkok to Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport， the nonstop f ights from Chongqing to Bangkok marked the off cial opening. On October 27， 2013， Thai Smile Air off cially opened Chongqing - Bangkok route， which was the second non-stop Bangkok Chongqing regular route. On September 2， 2015， an Airbus A320 aircraft joined the airline's f eet of Chongqing， and would fly the Bangkok route from Chongqing opening in the end of the year， which local airlines in Chongqing f rst opened international routes.

The nonstop flights between Chongqing and Bangkok opened， the air traffic between two cities was increasingly improving， Chinese tourists would be significantly increasing，and all these would also lead to the development of tourism in Bangkok and the country's other cities. While creating more foreign exchange for Thailand， it also would effectively promote the development and improvement of related industries and achieve sustainable development of its economy.

Bangkok is Thailand's capital and is the economic center and portal of Thailand and Southeast Asia； Chongqing isChina's municipality， and is the gateway of central and western place in China and the economic center of the upper river of the Yangtze River. China and Thailand are very rich in national culture. Nonstop flights not only increase economic trade between the two countries， but also cultural exchanges between the two countries become closer. The constant development and improvement of the “Air Bridge”have a great point to promote exchanges and cooperation in various aspects between the two countries.

Bangkok， Thailand and Eighteenth “CClSF”

On May 28， 2015 to the 31st， Eighteenth“CCISF” was held in Chongqing International Expo Center. During the “CCISF”， the topic will focus on introducing investment opportunities“along the way” along with Asia-Pacif c countries，showcasing new products， new technology advanced manufacturing， modern services and consumer areas such as international trade and investment held several high level forum and a series of special events， special investment matchmaking procurement-related activities and regional cooperation.

In “CCISF” cooperation between the two countries as a platform for government and business， achieve a lot of bilateral or multilateral agreements between Thailand and promote the cooperation and development between the two places. Eighteenth “CCISF” to China （Chongqing）- ASEAN Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum on the agenda， road crossings Available Banan， Chongqing and ASEAN countries to promote infrastructure interoperability， logistics and freight forwarding， real estate， investment and other areas of agricultural imports trade cooperation， and Thailand signed the Chongqing monorail technology overseas promotion of the Commonwealth.

Although Chongqing has been achieved with nonstop flights to Bangkok， but to protect some of the basic agricultural products by air transportation costs are too high， timely repair roads for the benef t of the two peoples can not only promote economic and trade exchanges between the two countries as well.

Further Reading

City and Water

On the grounds of the country tourism office statistics， the number of tourists from China to Thailand reached 4 millions in fullyear 2014 while the number in the f rst half of 2015 has exceeded that in full-year 2014. As the second largest city in South East Asia， what charm attracts Chinese tourists to Bangkok？ The answer is varied but the water is one of the elements most likely to be overlooked in all kinds of answers. Famous cities in the world are closely allied to water. Bangkok is no exception. Chongqing is a mountain city closely linked to water. To some extent， it can be said that the water contributes to the glory of the city.

Opening the map of Thailand， we can find a river crossing the north and the south. The river is called Chao Phraya River， also known as the Mae Nam River， which in Thailand language means“Mother River”. The importance of the river in the history of Thailand equals to that of the Yellow River in China. A winding of the Mae Nam River flowing through Bangkok divides the city into two parts. The east coast is a modern bustling urban district and the West Bank has a strong f avor of rural life. It is the river that creates water network accessible from all directions in Bangkok and forms local characteristics： people on the water and market on the water. As a mountain city， the most unique characteristic of Chongqing is residence on the mountain and market on the mountain. Inadvertently，we can f nd some sort of similarity between the two cities.

When it comes to the Water-Sprinkling Festival， people cannot help thinking of the Water-Sprinkling Festival of the Dai. In fact，the Water-Sprinkling Festival is also the Festival of the people of other countries in Southeast Asia. In Thailand， the Water-Sprinkling Festival is New Year in Thai lunar calendar， also known as Songkran.“Songkran” is “new solar year start”， which means renewal. The Water-Sprinkling Festival is the happiest and most solemn festival. During the Water Splashing Festival， the splendor of the occasion surpassed anything heretofore seen throughout Thailand. During the festival， people splash water to wash away the bad luck and usher the safe and smooth New Year. Songkran customs originally attach to religious signif cance， now relate to more fun and frolic. Regardless of the elderly， the children and young people， they are immersed in it during the Water Splashing Festival.

At present， more and more Chinese tourists come to Thailand to celebrate Songkran. As a special medium， water purif es people's hearts and offers a chance to people to recognize each other and to construct a new friendship for building the bridge to increase communication between people in China and Thailand.

● By post-graduate student of School of International Relations, Sichuan International Studies University

Chongqing and Bangkok：Cities of Landscape， Cities of Cooperation

□ Written by He Qin