徐芹芹,赵 磊,牛宝贵
新疆东准噶尔纸房地区早古生代花岗岩的确定及其地质意义
徐芹芹,赵磊,牛宝贵
(中国地质科学院地质研究所,北京100037)
纸房花岗岩体位于新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里构造带北侧。该岩体侵入的最新地层为中—上奥陶统荒草坡群,并被晚志留世及早泥盆世地层不整合覆盖。对纸房花岗岩进行锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年,获得的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为 (463±7)~(436±4)Ma,表明该岩体形成于晚奥陶世—早志留世,是早古生代岩浆活动的产物。对已有的区域地质资料、岩体侵位时代及其与围岩接触关系进行综合分析后认为,纸房花岗岩体的形成时代大致对应于卡拉麦里构造带内区域性角度不整合的形成时间,推测该岩体为早古生代造山过程中形成的花岗质岩石。高Sr、低Yb、弱的Eu负异常等地球化学特征也显示其为埃达克型同造山花岗岩。纸房地区早古生代同造山花岗岩的存在为东准噶尔卡拉麦里构造带早古生代造山作用的确认提供了证据。
花岗岩;锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年;东准噶尔;早古生代;造山作用
新疆准噶尔地区位于中亚造山带的中部,其古生代以来的构造演化是显生宙亚洲大陆向南增长和古亚洲洋演化的重要阶段,同时也涉及到新疆北部地区古构造格局的恢复和构造演化模型等重要理论问题[1~19],因此,东准噶尔及其邻区成为近年来地学研究的热点地区之一。然而,东准噶尔造山带古生代以来的构造演化迄今未形成共识,尤其是对其中卡拉麦里构造带时代与性质的认识存在着争议[2~5,10,12~14,16,21~35]。
关于卡拉麦里构造带的时代与性质,前人大多围绕带内蛇绿岩的年龄以及蛇绿岩所代表的古洋盆形成和闭合的时限进行解释[16,22,24~32,36~37]。多数人认为,卡拉麦里蛇绿岩所代表的洋盆产生于晚古生代早期[3,16,22,24,27,29,31],到早石炭世早期[30,32,34,37]或早石炭世晚期关闭[22~33,38]。此类观点,往往忽视了卡拉麦里构造带早古生代阶段的演化,从而将其限制于晚古生代的造山带。
实际上,何国琦等[10,26]曾根据东准噶尔卡拉麦里山-考克塞尔盖山-莫钦乌拉山一带的奥陶系和后奥陶系在区域变质程度上的明显差异和其间区域性角度不整合的发育,提出该区存在早古生代造山作用。然而由于缺乏精确的、同位素年代学方面的定量约束,这一观点并未引起足够重视。近些年,有学者相继报道了卡拉麦里构造带及其邻区存在早古生代的中酸性侵入岩[19,39~40],并提供了年代学方面的约束,但是没有明确这些中酸性侵入岩与东准噶尔地区早古生代造山作用的关系。
本文选择东准噶尔造山带纸房北部地区出露的被晚志留世以及早泥盆世地层不整合覆盖的花岗岩为研究对象,通过锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年,精确地限定该区花岗岩的侵位时代,并结合区域资料对东准噶尔地区早古生代的构造背景进行初步讨论。
传统上将准噶尔地区划分为西准噶尔造山带、准噶尔盆地和东准噶尔造山带3个组成部分 (见图1a)。东准噶尔造山带位于准噶尔盆地东北缘 (见图1a),北以额尔齐斯断裂带为界与中国阿尔泰造山带相邻,南以卡拉麦里断裂带为界与准噶尔盆地和天山造山带毗连。
图1 新疆北部地区构造简图及东准噶尔酸性侵入岩分布图 (据文献[17,20]修改)Fig.1 Tectonic sketch of northern Xinjiang and distribution of acidic intrusive rocks in East Junggar
研究区位于东准噶尔造山带中部,靠近卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带 (见图1b)。区内出露的地层为奥陶系、志留系、泥盆系、石炭系、新近系和第四系 (见图2)。
奥陶系中—上统荒草坡群 (O2-3hn)是区内目前发现的最老地层。下组主要为片岩、片麻岩,仅出露在塔黑尔巴斯套附近;上组为一套中—酸性火山熔岩,主要由安山玢岩、英安斑岩组成,出露于塔黑尔巴斯套—克西沙尔布拉克一带及考克塞尔盖主峰1759两侧 (见图2)。
图2 纸房北部地区地质图 (据文献[41]修改)Fig.2 Geological map of northern Zhifang area
区内志留系仅见上统考克塞尔盖组 (S3k ),为一套火山碎屑岩组合,以明显的角度不整合覆盖于中—上奥陶统荒草坡群及加里东中期花岗岩之上,与下泥盆统为连续沉积 (见图2)。
泥盆系在区内分布较广,上、中、下三统发育完好。下泥盆统包括塔黑尔巴斯套组和卓木巴斯套组。塔黑尔巴斯套组 (D1t)为一套红色碎屑岩及火山碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩沉积,主要由岩屑长石砂岩、岩屑砂岩、凝灰质砂岩及凝灰岩组成,夹灰岩及含砾生物灰岩。卓木巴斯套组 (D1zh)为一套富含钙质的碎屑岩及碳酸盐岩,主要由钙质砂岩及砂质灰岩夹灰岩组成。其下与塔黑尔巴斯套组为不整合及整合接触,并且不整合覆盖在加里东中期花岗岩之上,其上与中泥盆统为整合过渡关系。中泥盆统为乌鲁苏巴斯套组 (D2w),与下泥盆统卓木巴斯套组为连续沉积,主要由岩屑砂岩、凝灰岩和凝灰砂岩及生物礁灰岩组成。上泥盆统为克安库都克组 (D3k),与下伏中泥盆统乌鲁苏巴斯套组及上覆下石炭统均为整合接触。克安库都克组 (D3k)为一套陆相火山碎屑岩夹陆源碎屑岩沉积[41],主要由火山灰凝灰岩与层凝灰岩组成,夹砂岩、凝灰砾岩。
区内石炭系分布最广泛,包括下石炭统东古鲁巴斯套组 (C1d)、姜巴斯套组 (C1j)与上石炭统巴塔玛依内山组 (C2b)和石钱滩组 (C2sh)(见图2)。下石炭统主要为一套碎屑岩及火山碎屑岩,岩性为粉砂岩、凝灰砂岩、凝灰岩。上石炭统巴塔玛依内山组 (C2b)以明显的角度不整合覆盖在下石炭统姜巴斯套组之上,岩性主要为玄武玢岩、安山玢岩、凝灰角砾岩以及火山角砾岩;石钱滩组 (C2sh)主要为一套陆相粗碎屑岩及火山碎屑岩夹灰岩。
中生代的地层在区内没有出露,新生代的地层仅见新近系与第四系 (见图2)。
区内的侵入岩大致分为2期,即加里东中期和华力西中期 (见图2)。前者主要为深成岩体,由斑状闪长岩与黑云母花岗岩组成;后者包括深成与浅成岩体,其中深成岩体主要由花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩以及辉长岩组成,浅成岩体主要由石英斑岩、流纹斑岩、霏细斑岩、闪长斑岩与花岗斑岩组成。
本文研究的加里东期花岗岩,侵入的最新地层是中—上奥陶统荒草坡群 (O2-3hn)(见图3a),并在研究区内多处被上志留统考克塞尔盖组 (S3k)或下泥盆统卓木巴斯套组(D1zh)不整合覆盖,有些接触关系不易辨认,花岗岩碎屑堆积下来,经过成岩作用,形成一种外貌酷似花岗岩的花岗质砂砾岩 (见图3b)。
图3 花岗岩野外照片Fig.3 Field photographs of the granite
样品采自巴里坤县红柳峡乡纸房东北约13 km,考克塞尔盖山南坡的卓木巴斯套 (见图1b、图2),岩性为灰色、肉红色中—细粒黑云母二长花岗岩。
该岩体呈岩基产出,出露面积大约7 km2,呈近东西向延展 (见图2),其上不整合覆盖着上志留统考克塞尔盖组 (S3k)或下泥盆统卓木巴斯套组 (D1zh)。
采样点处加里东期花岗岩和下泥盆统卓木巴斯套组(D1zh)的不整合接触关系比较清楚,花岗岩之上直接覆盖着厚度数米至50 m的花岗质巨砾岩和砾岩,大部分为原地风化产物 (见图3c)。胶结物为蓝绿色凝灰质砂岩,为D1zh组分,也可见到附近中—上奥陶统荒草坡群安山岩成分的砾石 (见图3d),砾石分选不佳,大小混杂,小者2 cm左右,大者60~80 cm,最大可达2~6 m;磨圆度小者好、大者差。不整合面凹凸不平,不规则 (见图3c)。
本文选择新鲜基本无蚀变的5件样品进行主量与微量元素分析 (见表1,表2)。分析测试在北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心完成。主量元素含量的检测仪器为PW2404 X射线荧光光谱仪,分析误差小于5%;微量元素 (包括稀土元素)含量的检测在Perkin Elmer Elan DCR-e型等离子质谱仪上完成,分析误差小于10%。
表1 东准噶尔纸房地区花岗岩主量元素 (%)分析结果Table 1 Major element concentrations of granites in Zhifang area,East Junggar
表2 东准噶尔纸房地区花岗岩微量元素 (×10-6)分析结果Table 2 Trace element concentrations of granites in Zhifang area,East Junggar
主量元素分析结果 (见表1)表明,纸房花岗岩体SiO2含量较高 (平均值74.2%),且变化范围很窄 (73.28% ~75.38%),K2O、Na2O和 CaO含量分别为0.35% ~2.24%、4.75%~6.24%和1.26% ~2.08%。在侵入岩TAS图解 (见图4a)中,样品落入花岗岩区域;Na2O+K2O-CaO vs.SiO2图解 (见图4b)中,样品位于钙碱性—钙性系列;花岗岩中的含量 (1.91%~2.20%)与MgO含量 (0.62% ~0.95%)较均匀,并且所有样品具有富镁特点 (见图4c);样品的ASI值介于1.08~1.20,所有样品落入弱过铝质区域 (见图4d)。
所有样品的稀土配分模式图相似,表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土相对亏损的右倾型 (见图5a)。稀土总量176.97×10-6~225.80×10-6,轻稀土内部分馏较弱 (La/SmN值3.80~4.24),重稀土内部分馏不明显 (Gd/YbN值0.98~1.06),轻、重稀土分馏明显 (La/YbN值5.80~6.67),具有微弱的负铕异常 (Eu/Eu∗值0.74~0.93)。
图4 花岗岩体主量元素图解Fig.4 Selected major element diagrams of the granite
图5 纸房地区花岗岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分型式图与微量元素原始地幔蛛网图 (标准化数值据文献 [45])Fig.5 Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns and primitive mantle normalized trace element spider diagram of granites in Zhifang area,East Junggar
在微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图 (见图5b)上,所有样品总体上显示出明显富集Ba、U、K、Sr等元素而亏损Rb、Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素的特点。
样品经重液分离和磁选后,在双目镜下手工精选出代表性的锆石,将其与标样一起粘贴制成环氧树脂胶样品靶。将靶上锆石打磨至中心暴露,抛光后进行锆石透射光、反射光、阴极发光 (CL)的照射和分析。
SHRIMP定年所用样品靶的制作、锆石阴极发光显微图像 (CL图像)照相和锆石U-Pb同位素分析在中国地质科学院地质研究所北京离子探针中心进行,按标准测定流程[46~47]完成。年龄测定选择阴极发光环带明显、晶体干净、内部结构完整、无裂纹、无包裹体、无杂质的锆石,尽量避开锆石中重结晶、重吸收的残留部分,以准确获得锆石的结晶年龄。应用RSES参考锆石TEM (417 Ma)进行元素分馏校正,SL13(年龄572 Ma,U含量238× 10-6)标定所测锆石的U、Th、Pb含量。数据处理及U-Pb谐和图绘制采用Ludwing编写的SQUID和ISOPLOT程序[48~49],普通铅根据实测204Pb进行校正。表3所列单个数据点的误差为1σ,采用206Pb/238U年龄,其加权平均值为95%的置信度。
表3 东准噶尔纸房地区花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄分析结果Table 3 Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb data of the granites in Zhifang area,East Junggar
从表3可以看出,所测3件样品锆石的普通铅含量较低,206Pbc为0~2.54%,U、Th含量也较低,分别为91×10-6~287×10-6、39×10-6~180×10-6,Th/U比值为0.41~0.87。锆石的阴极发光结构和特征 (见图6)显示:晶体颗粒完整,大部分呈自形长柱状,少数为短柱状;内部均发育清晰规则的韵律生长环带。结合Th/U比值特征,判断所测锆石均具有岩浆成因锆石的特点。
图6 花岗岩样品锆石阴极发光图像Fig.6 Cathodoluminescence images of selected zircon from granites
所测3件样品中,每件样品的所有分析点 (ZF-2 12个、ZF-3 9个、ZF-7 11个)基本上都落在谐和线上或其附近,呈现较好的谐和性,不存在明显的铅丢失 (见图7)。置信度大于95%时,样品ZF-2的206P/238U年龄加权平均值为458±4 Ma(MSWD=0.78),样品ZF-3 的206P/238U年龄加权平均值为463±7 Ma(MSWD=2.0),ZF-7的206P/238U年龄加权平均值为436±4 Ma(MSWD=1.1)。由于这些锆石具有明显的岩浆成因振荡环带,所以将年龄(463±7)~(436±4)Ma解释为纸房北部黑云母二长花岗岩体的形成年龄,说明该花岗岩体形成于加里东期,是早—中志留世岩浆活动的产物。
东准噶尔地区阿尔曼太和卡拉麦里蛇绿岩带之间分布着大量的花岗岩类 (见图1b)。根据现有资料,东准噶尔地区的花岗岩类可划分为早古生代和晚古生代2个旋回[5,15,17,19,39~40,50~66]。由于晚古生代旋回的花岗岩类岩体数量多、 分布广泛,因此相关研究大多集中在晚古生代花岗岩[15,17,51~66],它们的形成多被认为是东准噶尔晚古生代后碰撞岩浆活动的产物。而早古生代旋回的花岗岩岩体数量少、分布零星,其形成时代与构造背景仅有少数学者进行过论述[5,19,39]。
虽然前人早在1∶200000区域地质填图 (红柳峡幅)[41]以及之后1∶250000区域地质填图(纸房幅)[67]时,在东准噶尔地区就已经识别出了早古生代 (加里东期)花岗岩的存在,但是受到定年手段与技术的限制,他们并没有提供精确年代学方面的约束。郭丽爽等[39]报道了伊吾县铜华岭斑岩铜矿区存在早古生代中酸性侵入体,岩体时代为中—晚志留世 (距今427~419 Ma),但缺少岩体与地层接触关系的证据,而且由于岩体时代与围岩地层时代相矛盾,没有对该岩体形成的构造环境进行详细探讨。杜世俊等[40]对琼河坝地区和尔赛斑岩铜矿成岩矿体的研究中,揭示出早古生代 (距今432~429 Ma)的岩浆活动,但对该期岩浆活动的构造背景也没有给出明确的认识。最近,Xu等[19]报道了研究区西北塔黑尔巴斯套地区存在侵位于中—上奥陶统荒草坡群的早—中志留世的花岗斑岩 (454~444 Ma)与花岗岩(443~432 Ma)(见图1b),并且认为这些花岗岩类的形成与早古生代古亚洲洋向准噶尔陆块的南向俯冲作用有关。然而,这一观点忽略了一个重要地质事实,即包括塔黑尔巴斯套地区在内的整个卡拉麦里构造带存在上志留统考克塞尔盖组 (S3k)与中—上奥陶统荒草坡群(O2-3hn)之间明显的区域性角度不整合 (另文发表)。
图7 东准噶尔纸房地区花岗岩样品锆石SHRIMP U-Pb谐和图Fig.7 Concordia plob of zircon SHRIMP U-Pb data of the granites in Zhifang area,East Junggar
目前获得的资料显示:①卡拉麦里构造带内下志留统普遍缺失;②该间断面为一区域性角度不整合,即区内上志留统考克塞尔盖组 (S3k)与中—上奥陶统荒草坡群 (O2-3hn)之间不整合;③不整合面上、下地层的区域变质程度有明显差异,该面以上的地层 (志留系)变形、变质极轻微,而其下的地层 (奥陶系)变形强烈,变质已达绿片岩相以上[10,26]。这表明卡拉麦里构造带可能存在早古生代造山作用,且造山作用发生在上志留统考克塞尔盖组(S3k)沉积之前。
本文研究的纸房花岗岩体的锆石年龄为463~436 Ma,而且该岩体侵位于中—上奥陶统,并被上志留统与下泥盆统不整合覆盖。将其侵位年龄与野外产出特征置于上述已有区域地层资料背景下综合分析可以发现,纸房花岗岩体的形成时代大致对应于卡拉麦里构造带内区域性角度不整合所代表的沉积间断记录。因此,本文推测,纸房花岗岩体可能是在早古生代挤压造山抬升环境下侵位所致,属于同造山花岗岩。高Sr(大于300×10-6)、低Yb(小于2.50×10-6)、弱的Eu负异常等地球化学特征表明其属于埃达克型花岗岩[68],为造山阶段花岗岩的典型代表[68~71],进一步印证了本文的推测。
纸房地区早古生代同造山花岗岩的确认,证明卡拉麦里构造带存在早古生代造山作用,而且花岗岩的形成时代可以用来限定造山作用的时间,即造山作用发生在晚奥陶世—早志留世 (距今463~436 Ma)。
实际上,前人的研究曾揭示出卡拉麦里构造带北侧的阿拉曼太构造带也存在早古生代造山作用[2,10,17,23,26]。因此,本文推测,在整个东准噶尔地区可能连续分布着早古生代的造山带。
东准噶尔纸房地区存在早古生代的花岗岩体,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb测年结果显示,其侵位时代为距今463~436 Ma。
区域地质背景、岩体与围岩的接触关系以及岩体的形成时代与地球化学特征等共同表明,区内的早古生代花岗岩体应该是在造山作用过程中形成的,属于同造山花岗岩。
卡拉麦里构造带存在早古生代的造山作用,造山作用时间为晚奥陶世—早志留世 (距今463~436 Ma)。
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DETERMINATION OF THE EARLY PALEOZOIC GRANITE IN ZHIFANG AREA,EAST JUNGGAR,XINJIANG AND ITS GEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
XU Qin-qin,ZHAO Lei,NIU Bao-gui
(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)
Zhifang granite pluton outcrops in the northern part of Kalamaili tectonic belt,East Junggar Xinjiang.The latest strata intruded by the granite pluton are the Middle-Upper Ordovician Huangcaopo formation and it is unconformably covered by the Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian strata.Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb data showed that the weighted mean206Pb/238U age was(463±7)~(436±4)Ma,which indicated that the granite pluton was emplaced during Late Ordovician and Early Silurian and it was the product of the early Paleozoic magmatic activity.Combining the existing regional geological data,the emplacement age of the granite pluton and the contact relation with the country rocks,it is speculated that the forming time of the granite pluton roughly corresponds to that of the regional angular unconformity in the Kalamaili tectonic belt and the Zhifang granite pluton might be formed during the early Paleozoic orogenic stage.The geochemical characteristics of high Sr,low Yb and weak negative Eu anomalies also suggests that it is the Adak-type syn-orogenic granite.Therefore determination of the syn-orogenic granite in Zhifang defines the presence of early Paleozoic orogenesis in Kalamaili tectonic belt,East Junggar.
granite;zircon SHRIMP U-Pb data;East Junggar;early Paleozoic;orogenesis
P597
A
1006-6616(2015)04-0502-15
2015-06-14
国家自然科学基金项目 (41572206);中国地质调查局地质调查项目 (12120115070301)
徐芹芹 (1984-),女,助理研究员,主要从事大陆变形与构造地貌研究。E-mail:qinqin2002dz1@163.com
;赵磊 (1979-),男,副研究员,主要从事区域大地构造研究。E-mail:jleiz@163.com