青藏高原北羌塘祖尔肯乌拉山地区查保马组陆相火山岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb测年

2015-08-23 01:31王钊飞曹波陈炳锦
西北地质 2015年4期
关键词:火山岩锆石岩浆

王钊飞,曹波,陈炳锦

(西北有色地质勘查局七一一总队,陕西 汉中 723000)

青藏高原北羌塘祖尔肯乌拉山地区查保马组陆相火山岩地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb测年

王钊飞,曹波,陈炳锦

(西北有色地质勘查局七一一总队,陕西 汉中723000)

祖尔肯乌拉山地区查保马组陆相火山岩岩石类型主要为粗安岩和安山岩,属新近纪中新世。地球化学特征显示:主量元素SiO2含量为42.45%~62.60%,绝大部分为58.08%~62.60%,相对富集FeO、MgO、K2O、TiO2、P2O5,属幔源岩浆岩系列。里特曼指数σ=2.87~3.41,平均3.19,属于钙碱性岩系。火山岩的全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量高,且Na2O-2

祖尔肯乌拉山;中新世;查保马组;火山岩;锆石U-Pb测年

羌塘北部新近纪陆相火山岩较为发育,产状为熔岩被,不整合覆盖在侏罗纪雁石坪群之上,近年来,国内外学者已就青藏高原新生代火山岩作了大量研究(邓万明,1989,1991,1993,1998,1999;刘嘉麟,1999;赖绍聪等,1996,1999,2001,2002;杨德明等,1999;夏林圻等,2010),识别出超钾质、钾玄岩系和高钾钙碱性岩系3个火山岩系列,并对超钾质和钾玄岩系的岩石地球化学、同位素特征和岩石成因进行了深入探讨。然而对高原北部尤其是北羌塘具有特殊意义的钾玄岩、高钾钙碱性岩系火山岩的专题研究缺较为滞后(邓万明,1998;王碧香等,1999;迟效国等,1999)。

研究区自然条件十分恶劣,该地区火山岩研究程度较低。1987年青海区调综合地质大队对该区进行了1∶20万区域地质调查,根据火山岩全岩K-Ar年龄为(26.5±2.6)Ma,将该区火山岩划分为新近系火中新统查保马组(青海省地质矿产局区调综合地质大队,1987)。2004年中国地质调查局宜昌地质调查中心对该区进行了1∶25万赤布张错幅区域地质调查,对该区新生代火山岩进行了岩石化学和同位素地质学方面的研究,在本次工作区加木称错幅欧错湖与加木称错湖之间地段采取测年样品,采用K-Ar法测年获得火山岩年龄值为26.5Ma,属新近纪中新世,火山岩系列属钾质钙碱性岩系(中国地质调查局宜昌地质调查中心,2004)。笔者通过对1∶5万岗钦等4幅区域地质调查,针对查保马组火山岩进行了岩石化学、稀土元素、微量元素、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学等系统分析测定,以期揭示其岩石类型、成因及构造属性,其对认识北羌塘新近纪中新世火山岩构造环境及演化特征具有重要的意义。

1 区域地质背景

祖尔肯乌拉山地区中新世查保马组陆相火山岩是羌塘新生代火山岩带北羌塘火山岩省的一部分。羌塘新生代火山岩带的主体沿北纬34°~36°延伸,长达1 500km,平均海拔4 500m。邓万明大致以北纬35°为界,将火山岩带划分为南、北2个亚带,各亚带又由若干个火山岩省组成。祖尔肯乌拉山地区中新世查保马组陆相火山岩出露于34°以南。

研究区中的查保马组火山岩主要分布于欧错—祖尔肯乌拉山一带,属研究区内的火山岩位于羌塘亚带北羌塘火山岩省的东端,在本次工作区内主要围绕欧错出露,少量分布在祖尔肯乌拉山南坡一带,火山岩区海拔5 000~5 800m。火山岩总体呈东西长约30km,宽约15km的宽带状分布,由2条相间的近东西向的火山岩条带和若干火山岩块体组成,区内出露面积89km2(图1)。

1.第四系;2.新近系查保马组;3.侏罗系雪山组;4.侏罗系索瓦组;5.侏罗系夏里组;6.侏罗系布曲组;7.侏罗系雀莫错组;8.雪山;9;湖泊;10.工作区图1 祖尔肯乌拉山地区区域地质图Fig.1 Regional geological map of Jurhen UL mountain area

2 火山岩的地质特征及岩石特征

查保马组陆相火山岩主要为中性火山熔岩,其岩石类型主要为粗安岩和安山岩。依据岩石的结构、构造,从下往上划分为2个岩性段。下部为灰黑、灰绿、红褐色,球粒状、斑状熔岩。斑晶为长石和石英,含量约为10%,直接1~5mm,基质为流纹质、玻璃质,基质中有脱玻化形成的长英质球粒发育,呈雪花状均匀分布含量约为20%~30%。呈显微交织状结构,斑状结构,霏细结构,球粒、微晶块状构造。岩石中角闪石多已强烈分解为透闪石、黑云母、绿泥石,含量约为16%~36%。上部为浅灰色、灰黑色含气孔状熔岩。气孔较发育,体积约为10%~35%,隐晶质结构,熔渣状构造,气孔杏仁状构造。气孔形状各异,常见椭圆状、扁平状、半月状、气泡状等,直径2~12cm者居多,略具定向排列。杏仁体中汽化热液石英-钾长石-方解石等组成集合体充填矿物均已流失,可见部分表生钙质、硅质胶状物充填。岩石中球粒为脱玻化成因的放射状长英质微晶,约为5%。

3 火山岩岩石化学特征

3.1火山岩的分类

研究区火山岩为熔岩,多呈隐晶质结构。岩石类型划分在镜下鉴定基础上,通过岩石化学分析,根据国际地科联推荐的TAS方案进行化学分类和命名。选取有代表性的新鲜的火山岩样品,进行全岩岩石化学全分析(表1)。研究区内火山岩的SiO2含量为42.45%~62.60%,绝大部分为58.08%~62.60%,属于中性岩类。在TAS图解(图2)中,样品集中投影于中性岩区,除1个点位于碧玄岩区、1个点位于安山岩区外,其余均位于粗安岩区。其中位于粗安岩中的样品,由于Na2O-2

表1  查保马组火山岩的化学成分(%)

注:分析单位:有色金属西北矿产地质测试中心;分析方法:重量法、容量法、ICP-OES等离子体发射光谱法。

3.2岩石系列

在TAS图解(图2)中可以看到,绝大多数样品均投影于亚碱性系列。进一步通过里特曼指数(σ)和赖特岩系碱度率(A.R)进行判别,σ=1.67~5.38(表2),平均3.23,正好介于里特曼划分的钙碱性岩系区(1.8~3.3),属钙碱性岩系,且Na2O

K2O,K2O/Na2O=1.12~1.43,属钾质岩系。

图3中,大部分样品投影在钾玄岩系列和高钾钙碱性系列过渡地带。钾玄岩系火山岩相对富集FeO、MgO、K2O、TiO2、P2O5。镁铁质的富集说明其岩浆来源于上地幔。高钾质钙碱性火山岩相对富集SiO2、Al2O3,说明其岩浆源区火山岩源区为铝硅质地壳。因此,该钾玄岩系岩浆是上地幔部分熔融的产物。

Pc.苦橄玄武岩;B.玄武岩;O1.玄武安山岩;O2.安山岩;O3.英安岩;S1.粗面玄武岩;S2.玄武粗安岩;S3.粗安岩;T.粗面岩;R.流纹岩;U1.碧玄岩;U2.碱玄岩;U3.碱玄质玄武岩;Ph.响岩;F.副长石岩;Ir.碱性岩与非碱性岩分界线,上方为碱性,下方为亚碱性图2 查保马组火山岩TAS图解Fig.2 The Chabaoma volcanic rock in the TAS diagram

图3 查保马组火山岩SiO2-K2O图解Fig.3 The Chabaoma volcanic rock in the SiO2 - K2O diagram

样品编号ApIlMtOrAbAnQDiHyDISIA/CNKARσHQ681.593.047.8423.5327.0912.1814.565.604.5365.188.040.782.253.20HQ691.272.234.4317.842.9012.72-21.03-30.1611.310.251.385.38HQ701.753.157.3922.8324.6914.7715.973.216.2563.498.870.822.102.85HQ711.593.156.3822.9327.5212.4813.1910.9011.8163.649.360.692.103.15HQ721.663.067.6523.1328.6712.3513.845.024.6365.648.130.782.253.34HQ731.653.127.4723.8425.6813.3914.845.014.9664.368.650.792.183.10HQ741.633.117.8922.8828.4611.712.747.983.5764.088.050.7472.223.41HQ751.332.487.1417.8022.2411.6322.4613.011.9262.508.420.631.911.67HQ761.603.078.0822.6227.0511.9112.569.044.0862.238.660.712.153.33HQ771.663.058.1721.527.3114.0412.964.946.3361.778.890.802.113.20HQ781.672.988.0422.2627.1412.3412.468.364.7161.868.940.732.143.28HQ1311.613.037.6024.4524.4614.0414.267.083.4363.176.890.762.113.18HQ1321.632.948.3222.2726.3012.3612.079.954.1060.648.050.702.093.31HQ1331.683.087.123.3729.3511.6911.2310.472.0463.958.500.692.173.63HQ1341.643.077.3621.3627.2613.4315.306.424.0963.927.920.772.102.87HQ1351.583.118.0221.2925.6214.2915.584.815.7162.497.840.792.072.81HQ1361.633.068.3822.2026.6012.9613.486.365.2862.287.820.772.143.20

4 火山岩稀土元素和微量元素特征

4.1火山岩稀土元素特征

火山岩稀土元素丰度见表3。表中可以看出δEu值小于1,为0.69~0.73,平均为0.70,表明岩浆演化过程中有少量的斜长石分离结晶或源区受到地壳的混染。从球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素分配图解(图4)可以看出:①火山岩均为强烈右倾负斜率的轻稀土元素高度富集型分布模式。②火山岩为弱负Eu异常,是岩浆从早到晚分异演化的结果。其中高钾钙碱性火山岩的ΣREE相对低,无负异常;钾玄岩系火山岩中的ΣREE相对高,弱的负异常。中酸性火山岩无负Eu异常的特征,标志着一个加厚的相对于榴辉岩质(无斜长石相)陆壳的存在。因此,高钾钙碱性火山岩岩浆可能来源于榴辉岩质下地壳的部分熔融;而钾玄岩系火山岩是幔源钾玄岩岩浆结晶分异的产物,在岩浆演化过程中存在斜长石的分异结晶作用。

4.2火山岩微量元素特征

火山岩的微量元素丰度见表4。原始地幔标准化配分图解(图5)显示:①强不相容元素Rb、Ba、Th、U、K呈强富集,弱不相容元素Ta、Nb、La、Ce、P、Zr、Hf、Sm弱富集,过度元素Ti、Y、Yb弱亏损,相容元素Lu强亏损。富集强不相容元素,指示火山岩源区为富集地幔(EMⅡ)。随着相容性的增加,微量元素富集程度降低直至亏损,说明在岩浆的形成及演化过程中,存在着结晶分异作用。②出现明显的Rb、Th、Ce峰和Ta、Nb、P谷,表明岩浆的起源可能与俯冲作用有关,这也说明了岩浆在生成及上升过程中,受到过陆壳的混染。

图4 火山岩稀土元素球粒陨石标准化分布型式Fig.4 Volcanic rock ree chondrite standardized distribution pattern

样品编号HQ68HQ71HQ73HQ74HQ77HQ78HQ131HQ132HQ134HQ136岩石名称粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩La140.32136.52149.41150.91154.02144.56159.64151.86157.65152.36Ce240.84239.33266.17265.04264.9252.24276.22262.87272.55266.18Pr28.5027.6930.8230.4430.4429.1632.0630.1231.4530.47Nd97.2595.35105.1103.97104.2699.85108.45102.66107.43104.38Sm14.4813.9615.1915.2215.1014.4115.5914.5115.1515.11Eu3.022.903.163.133.212.903.212.943.173.05Gd10.7910.3411.0611.0511.0910.5311.6910.7111.1211.01Tb1.271.191.311.241.301.231.301.231.311.26Dy5.545.185.495.515.585.355.655.495.665.52Ho0.940.920.940.940.910.870.970.920.980.94Er2.472.262.322.342.302.332.432.342.502.35Tm0.330.300.310.300.30.290.320.310.330.33Yb1.831.751.921.841.701.691.851.862.031.87Lu0.270.260.270.260.270.260.280.270.270.25Y24.5222.4723.9223.7523.7022.8324.2724.1925.0624.28ΣREE547.83537.95593.47592.19595.39565.67619.65588.09611.62595.08LREE524.40515.75569.85568.72571.95543.12595.17564.96587.39571.56HREE23.4322.2023.6223.4723.4422.5524.4823.1324.2223.52LREE/HREE22.3823.2324.1324.2324.4024.0824.3224.4224.2524.30LaN/YbN52.2753.1553.0855.9261.8158.2658.8655.4952.7455.45δEu0.710.710.710.700.730.690.700.690.710.69δCe0.870.890.900.900.880.890.890.890.890.90

注:分析单位:有色金属西北矿产地质测试中心; 分析方法:碱熔粒子交换-ICP质谱法分析。

表4 火山岩微量元素分析结果(10-6)

续表4

样品编号HQ68HQ71HQ73HQ74HQ77HQ78HQ131HQ132HQ134HQ136岩性粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩粗安岩Sc10.88.510.29.69.78.99.79.39.49.8V80.073.776.276.279.475.479.374.475.176.5Co13.79.89.59.69.310.28.99.39.59.7Ni21.121.020.821.620.421.220.120.520.021.3Ga23.622.323.523.324.222.524.923.024.023.1Rb160.5139.8150.9142.7150.2139.5169.0147.6159.3154.0Nb36.534.038.137.038.336.139.935.735.638.8Mo1.93.82.32.72.22.93.42.42.12.6Cs4.13.52.22.82.53.02.92.92.82.8Hf10.410.011.711.111.510.911.810.811.011.5Ta1.61.51.51.51.51.41.61.41.41.5W4.11.81.61.61.51.91.91.61.71.8Tl0.80.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.70.7Bi0.20.50.20.20.20.30.10.10.30.2Th28.927.432.630.731.429.236.433.334.434.4U6.35.45.25.35.45.46.26.16.26.0As14.014.02.65.59.06.64.08.79.06.9Sb1.31.41.10.60.70.81.30.50.810.0

注:分析单位:有色金属西北矿产地质测试中心; 分析方法:ICP原子发射光谱等方法分析。

图5 火山岩微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图Fig.5 Volcanic rocks in the primitive mantle standardization spider diagram of trace element

4.3火山岩Sr、Nd同位素地球化学特征

表5中所有火山岩样品均具有较高的ISr值(>0.707)和较低的INd值(<0.512 4),在143Nd /144Nd-87Sr/86Sr图解(图6)上,均投影于EMⅡ型富集地幔象限内,说明其地幔源区有较多地壳物质的加入。

表5 火山岩Sr 、Nd同位素组成测定结果

注:分析单位:有色金属西北矿产地质测试中心;阳离子交换技术,同位素稀释法。

DM.亏损地幔;BSE.原始地幔;EMⅠ.Ⅰ型富集地幔;EMⅡ.Ⅱ型富集地幔图6 144Nd / 143Nd-87Sr / 86Sr相关图Fig.6 144Nd / 143Nd-87Sr / 86Sr relevant figure

5 时代测定

本次在研究区达日玛地区采集测年样品,采用ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法测得火山岩年龄为(20±1)Ma,属新近纪中新世。这与1∶20万赤布张错幅、温泉兵站幅区调报告所获得的火山岩年龄基本一致,说明工作区内査保马火山岩时代归属为新近纪中新世。锆石CL图像及靶位图见图7,锆石U-Pb同位素年龄数据见表6,火山岩谐和图见图8。

图7 锆石CL图像及靶位图Fig.7 Zircon CL images and targeted figure

图8 火山岩年龄谐和图Fig.8 Volcanic rocks in the age of harmonic figure

锆石晶体多呈自形-半自形柱状,无色透明-浅褐色,多数颗粒具有良好的多边晶形,柱面及两端的双锥发育完整,具有破损和局部被熔蚀的现象。晶体形态为等轴状-长板状,长宽主要集中在2∶1左右,粒径为30~100μm。晶体边部及沿晶体裂隙处颜色变为灰黑色。通过阴极荧光图像(CL图像)分析,锆石颗粒显示明显的岩浆结晶成因振荡性环带结构,反映其典型的岩浆结晶成因特点。

6 火山岩形成的构造环境

由图9可知,样品均投射在板内区域。印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞发生在40~55Ma,因此,新生代火山作用的发生是在两大板块碰撞后的陆内构造演化阶段。新近系以来,青藏高原隆升最快,升幅最大,研究区内的上升幅度更是达到5 000m。为了调节大幅度隆升,容易形成断陷盆地和构造湖盆,而且在抬升过程中,块体之间的差异运动有利于地壳拉张减薄以致形成局部的初始裂谷。这些张性断裂切穿地壳层达到上地幔的深度,导致幔源钾质熔体的生成。研究区新近纪中新世的火山活动,正是在初始裂谷的环境下,由于切穿壳层张性断裂达到上了地幔的深度,导致EMⅡ型地幔部分熔融生成钾质岩浆,经结晶分异后喷发形成查保马组钾质中性火山岩。

WIP.板内;CAP.大陆弧;PAP.后碰撞弧;LOP.晚期洋弧;LOP.早期洋弧图9 查保马组火山岩Zr/Al2O3-TiO2/Al2O3图解Fig.9 The Chabaoma volcanic rock in the Zr/Al2O3-TiO2/Al2O3 diagram

7 结论

(1)祖尔肯乌拉山地区查保马组火山岩岩石类型主要为粗安岩和安山岩,根据ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法测得火山岩年龄为(20±1)Ma,属新近纪中新世。

(2)祖尔肯乌拉山地区查保马组火山岩为钾玄岩系形成于中新世初始裂谷的拉张环境下,由EMⅡ型富集地幔经过部分熔融作用生成的原始岩浆,后经结晶分异作用形成钾玄岩系粗安岩和安山岩。相对富集FeO、MgO、K2O、TiO2、P2O5、轻稀土元素和强不相容元素,弱负Eu异常,属幔源岩浆岩系列。

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The Geochemical Characteristics and Zircon U-Pb Dating of the Miocene Continenta Volcanic Rocks from Chabaoma Formation in the Mt. Jurhen Ul Area of North Qiangtang,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

WANG Zhaofei,CAO Bo,CHEN Bingjin

(No.711 General Party,Northwest Nonferrous Geological Exploration Bureau,Hanzhong 723000,Shaanxi,China)

In the Chabaoma Formation of Mt. Jurhen Ul area,the main rock types of continental volcanic rockare latite and andesite,which were formed in Neogene-Miocene epoch. The geochemical characteristics indicate that the contents of SiO2(main element)range from 42.45% to 62.60%, and most of them are 58.08%-62.60%, which is relatively higher than the ones of FeO, MgO, K2O, TiO2and P2O5, suggesting these rocks belong to the ones of mantle-derived magmatic rock series. The values of σ (Litman index) are 2.87-3.41, with an average of 3.19, showing these rocks have the characteristics of calc-alkaline rock series. The total alkali (Na2O+K2O) contents of these volcanic rocks are high, the contents of Na2O-2 are less than the ones of K2O, and the ratios of K2O/Na2O are 1.12-1.43, suggesting theses rocks belong to shoshoniteseries.For the trace elements, the strong incompatible elements (such as Rb, Ba, Th, U and K) showstrong enrichment, but the weakly incompatible elements (Ta, Nb, La, Ce, P, Zr, Hf and Sm) show weak enrichment, while the transition elements (Ti, Y and Yb) are weakly less, and the compatible element (Lu) is strong loss.The strong enrichment of incompatible elements reveal that these volcanic rocks were soured from the enriched mantle (EM II). The distribution model of REE is right abligue in the orientation, with significant REE fractionation and weak negative Eu anomalies, suggesting that the crustal material had mixed into the magma during the upwelling process, which lead to the occurring of assimilation and hybridization. The analysis show that, these rocks formed in an intraplate setting. The ICP-MS zircon U - Pb dating reveals that the crystallization ages of these volcanic rocks are 20±1Ma, belonging to the Miocene Epoch of Neogene Period.

Mt. Jurhen Ul; Miocene; Chabaoma Formation; volcanic rocks; zircon U-Pb dating

2015-05-03;

2015-07-20

中国地质调查局项目“青海沱沱河地区1∶5万I46E013003、I46E013004、I46E014003、I46E014004四幅区域地质调查”(1212011221010)

王钊飞(1986-),男,毕业于长安大学地球科学与资源学院地质学专业,地质工程师,主要从事地质矿产勘查专业。E-mail:445215836@qq.com

P595

A

1009-6248(2015)04-0037-13

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