Based on a literature review of rural finance development

王丹

Abstract：A normal and healthy rural financial system for the rural economy sustained and rapid development has an important role in safeguarding . Despite years of reform of rural finance system has made significant progress， there is still some deficiencies in rural finance system， the need for further reform and innovation of rural finance system is necessary. In this paper， recent research results in the reform and innovation of rural financial system were reviewed. This paper describes the status quo of China's rural financial development， introduces the major issues currently facing the development of rural finance， and finally some suggestions to raised address these issues.

Key word： rural financial system； rural economy；development

Since the reform and opening up， China's economy has made remarkable achievements in the world， although China has been ranked the world's second largest economy ， level of economic development between urban and rural areas in the urban-rural dual economic structure throughout the country have a strong contrast that the "three rural" in the national economy is always in a weak position . And， the imbalance between urban and rural economic development will seriously affect China's overall economic development， since 2004，Central Government and the State Department has been concerned to solve rural problems and introduced a number of documents to promote rural economic development. However， rural finance is the core of rural economic development， normal and healthy rural financial system is essential for sustained and rapid development of the rural economy. Therefore， improving the rural financial system make it better to serve the "three rural".

I. Present Situation of China's rural financial development

First， China's rural economic base of society restricts the development of rural finance （Zhu Hongchun，2013）[1].The economic foundation of most of China's rural society based on individual farmers or peasant economy operating model did not achieve the scale of the operation， but in developed countries， the economic base of rural society is built on the operating conditions of modern intensive economic model， with the scale of the operation， while achieving a balance of urban and rural economic development. Due to the small scale of the operation ，it lead to the inherent characteristics of China's rural economy which is dispersion and small resistance， these characteristics make loans with high risks and high costs. thus the income of agricultural credit financial services is low， and banks whose purpose is profit are reluctant to provide adequate financial bound to supply.

Secondly， financial underdevelopment in rural areas of our country mainly show the structure imbalance of supply and demand and the shortage of total supply[2].

Ma Jiujie etc. consider that at the present stage of China's rural financial underdevelopment are the "credit constraints" （credit constraint is the amount of the credit which can not actually get to meet the demand side）； the demand of the basic financial services suppressed； credit supply and demand of body tissue characteristics difficult to match， there is a structural imbalance； non-formal credit is the main channel of financing farmers.

Third， farmers' access to credit market barriers. First of all， in the rural， commercial banks and urban credit is consistent with the qualification standards of large enterprises， such as the scale of operation， credit conditions， the operator of the cultural quality and other indicators. While this can effectively prevent the credit risk of commercial banks， but it did not take into agriculture， rural areas and farmers characteristics， and it is varying greatly with the actual situation in rural areas. Also， the other issue is about the collateral. When a bank loans to enterprises， companies must provide effective collateral， while China's rural residents including township enterprises are in small-scale and have less efficient assets， so they lack the capacity of appropriate collateral.We know that in China the farmers and the farmers themselves due owned farmland and housing is not within the scope of the mortgage loan collateral. In short， rural residents under the auspices of the formal financial organizations have been in a weak position. Because of the threshold established by the commercial financial organizations， they in order to get more production and life funds can only resort to the informal financial organizations[3].

II.some suggestion to develop the rural finance system

In recent years， for the causes of the current problems， researchers have proposed many solutions， such as： perfect "the five big systems" to improve rural financial services； the development of rural finance-related laws， regulations and policies and so on. The following summarizes some major recommendations made by researchers from the countryside， rural finance and government perspective.

1. The “three rural”

The main is to optimize the rural ecological finance environment .First，establish a rural credit system. Our country is a big agricultural country in a large agricultural population， so the farmer's credit situation is difficult to grasp， we should accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive、shared repository of agricultural credit and then reduce transaction costs of rural financial institutions. Meanwhile， the market should accelerate the establishment of rural guarantees[6]， for example： consider "Insurance + loan" in the form of loans to farmers， that while credit unions loans to farmers ，they need buy life insurance and the beneficiary is the bank.

2. Rural finance

Improve rural financial system[5]， mainly around three aspects：first is diversing the rural financial body.Further enrich the rural financial market players to promote the common development of rural cooperative banks， commercial banks， policy banks. The second is an innovative agricultural development model， quickly and efficiently promoting the development of microfinance services. Third， innovative rural financial services products. Rural financial needs is diversity， hierarchy and regional， so rural financial service products to market-oriented， to meet the "three rural" on the basis of demand innovate and introduce financial products suiting to the rural economic development.

3.Goverment

Government should introduce some rural finance-related legal and policy supporting rural finance. For example： tax support policies， interest rate market[4]， the admittance of financial institutions， promoting the credit as well as the relevant laws and regulations. Reduced costs and taxation policies to support rural financial institutions for the promotion of rural financial institutions for rural services have some positive effect. Floating interest rates may increase the remuneration of financial institutions serving rural areas of space， in the interest rate market conditions， rural financial institutions could achieve financial sustainability.

參考文献

[1]Zhu Hongchun，Countermeasures to improve rural financial services，Chongqing： Agriculture Finance，2013.

[2]Ma Jiujie，Underdeveloped rural financial performance， causes and offers universal banking system construction，Beijing： Renmin University of China，2013.

[3]Wang Guohua，Rural Financial Repression and Financial System Innovation of China，Beijing： Central University of Finance and Economics，2006.

[4]Li Ning，Interest Rate Risk Management in rural financial market conditions，Xian： Economic Research Guide，2013.

[5]Tian Kunming，Improve rural financial service system： Contradictions， problems and countermeasures，Chengdu： Rural Finance，2013.

[6]Kou Fengmei，The impact on the rural economy of rural finance analysis，Lanzhou： Research on rural issues，2012.