刘颖+陈永涛
定语从句历来是中考英语的热门考点。怎么考?考什么?纵观历届中考英语试题,不难发现:中考英语对这一知识点的考查保持了连贯性和一致性,考点覆盖面广,特别是以选择题的形式考查定语从句已成为中考的一大亮点。针对这一情况,下面将对各地中考英语试题中的定语从句考点进行归纳总结,并进行有针对性的分析,旨在帮助同学们学习掌握一些解题技巧,正确地把握其命题方向,自如地应对中考。
一、考查关系代词that/ who/ whom/ which/ whose。
1. —What do you think of the school uniforms?
—Very good. l like clothes _____ make me feel comfortable. (西安)
A. that ; ; ; B. what
C. who
【解析】正确答案为A。考查定语从句引导词的用法。句意为:“你觉得校服怎么样呀?”“很好,我喜欢让我穿着舒服的衣服。”该题中,定语从句的先行词clothes是物,在定语从句中做主语。因此定语从句的引导词应用关系代词which / that,故选A。
2. The teachers _____ came for a visit are foreigners. (石家庄)
A. who ; ; B. whom
C. whose ; ; D. which
【解析】正确答案为A。考查定语从句引导词的用法。who指人,在定语从句中做主语或宾语;whom指人,在定语从句中只做宾语;whose意思为“谁的”,既指人又指物,在定语从句中只做定语;which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。该题先行词The teachers是人,且在定语从句中做主语,所以用who引导。
3. The photos successfully show the rich culture _____ makes Beijing so famous. (广州)
A. what ; ; B. which
C. who ; ; D. why
【解析】正确答案为B。考查定语从句的引导词。定语从句的引导词需根据先行词来判断。定语从句的先行词为物时,用关系代词which/ that;先行词为人时,用关系代词who/ that。此题定语从句修饰先行词the rich culture, 先行词the rich culture为物,且在定语从句中做主语,因此选which。
二、考查关系副词when/ where/ why。
1. Ill never forget the day _____ the great scientist came to our school and gave us a speech. (西安)
A. that ; ; B. which
C. when ; ; ; D. where
【解析】正确答案为C。考查定语从句关系副词when的用法。该句意思是“我从来不会忘记这位伟大的科学家来我们学校给我们做讲演的那一天”。定语从句是“... the great scientist came to our school and gave us a speech”,从句中有主语、谓语和宾语,可判断先行词the day 在从句中做时间状语。关系副词when引导定语从句通常做从句的时间状语。关系代词that和which通常在定语从句中做主语或宾语;关系副词where通常在定语从句中做地点状语。故选C。
2. Yesterday Li Ming went to the village _____ his family lived ten years ago. (南京)
A. when ; ; B. which
C. where ; ; ; D. that
【解析】正确答案为C。考查定语从句关系副词where的用法。该复合句中,定语从句是“... his family lived ten years ago”。从句属于典型的“主语+谓语”的结构(lived为不及物动词,后不接宾语),ten years ago为时间状语。可判断先行词the village在该定语从句中做地点状语。关系副词where通常在定语从句做地点状语。故选C。
三、考查只用that不用which的情况。
1. —Now many people smoke and get ill.
—So we should do something _____ can help stop smoking. (广西玉林)
A. what ; ; B. who
C. / ; ; D. that
【解析】正确答案为D。本题考查定语从句只用关系代词that不用which的情况。定语从句是“... can help stop smoking”,先行词是something。在定语从句中,当先行词为something,anything, nothing, none, little, much, all等不定代词时,定语从句用关系代词that来引导。
2. The Palace Museum is the best place _____ Ive ever visited. (湖北十堰)
A. that ; ; ; B. which
C. where ; ; ; D. what
【解析】正确答案为A。本题考查定语从句中关系代词的选择。定语从句是“... Ive ever visited”,很明显动词visited缺少宾语,先行词place在定语从句中作宾语。关系代词可选which或that。同时,我们可以发现先行词place被最高级the best修饰。在定语从句中,当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时,定语从句用关系代词that来引导,而不用which,所以只能用关系代词that。
小结:一般来说,在以下几种情况下,定语从句引导词只用that不用which。
(1) 当先行词为something,anything,all,little,much,few,none等不定代词时;
(2) 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;
(3) 当先行词被序数词修饰时;
(4) 当先行词既有人又有物时;
(5) 当先行词被all,every,any,much,little,few,no等修饰时,例如:Here is no book that you would like to read.
(6) 当主句是由which或who引导的特殊疑问句时,例如:Whos the man that is smoking at the school gate?/ Which of the novels that you recommended just now was written by Mo Yan?
(7) 关系代词在从句中做表语,例如:He is not the man that he used to be.
(8) 在强调句型“It is ... that ...”中,例如:It is in this park that he met his uncle the day before yesterday.
四、考查只用who不用that的情况。
Success will belong to those _____ never say “impossible”. (郑州)
A. whom ; ; ; B. what
C. who ; ; ; D. which
【解析】正确答案为C。本题考查定语从句引导词只用who不用that的情况。在定语从句中,先行词是those,they,all,persons,people,he,she,anyone,one时,定语从句用关系代词who来引导,不用that。故选C。
五、考查只用which不用that的情况。
The house _____ Lu Xun used to live is now a museum. (呼和浩特)
A. which ; ; B. that
C. in which ; ; D. there
【解析】正确答案为C。考查定语从句的引导词只用which不用that的情况。句意为“鲁迅过去住的房子现在成了博物馆”。“… Lu Xun used to live”是定语从句,观察该句子,可以发现该句子缺少地点状语。由于引导词在从句中作状语,故关系代词which和that不适合,而there不能引导定语从句,故用in which。该句原句为The house which Lu Xun used to live in is now a museum.。将介词in提前到关系代词之前,变为The house in which Lu Xun used to live is now a museum.。显然,此题考查的是在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能使用关系代词which,不能使用that的情况。
小结:概括而言,定语从句引导词只用which,不用that的情况有以下几种。
(1) 介词提到关系代词之前形成“介词+关系代词”结构来修饰表示事物的先行词时;
(2) 先行词为“those+表示事物的复数名词”时,如:Students should read those books which can help them get great grades.
(3) 在非限制性定语从句中只能使用关系代词which,不能使用关系词that,如:He changed his mind, which made me angry.
六、先行词与定语从句隔离情况下,引导词的考查。
1. One of the most interesting places in Yangzhou _____ are often visited by foreigners is the Slender West Lake. (扬州)
A. what ; B. who
C. that ; ; C. /
【解析】正确答案为C。本题侧重于先行词与定语从句隔离情况下,引导词的考查。根据句意:在扬州,瘦西湖是外国旅游者经常参观的最让人感兴趣的地方之一。“... are often visited by foreigners”为定语从句,修饰先行词places,且先行词places有形容词最高级the most interesting修饰,故选C。此题最大的特点是,in Yangzhou将先行词places与定语从句隔离开来。解题的关键是找准先行词places。
2. —Is there anyone here _____ name is Betty?
—Sorry, l dont know. (太原)
A. who ; ; B. which
C. whom ; ; D. whose
【解析】正确答案为D。本题侧重于先行词与定语从句隔离情况下,引导词的考查。here将先行词anyone与定语从句隔离。先行词anyone是人,在定语从句中做name的定语,所以选关系代词whose。
七、考查引导词和谓语动词的综合运用。
1. —Do you enjoy My Heart Will Go On?
—No, l prefer songs _____ loud. (南京)
A. that is ; ; B. which is
C. that are ; ; D. what are
【解析】正确答案为C。本题考查定语从句的引导词,又考查定语从句的谓语动词。先行词songs是物,定语从句的引导词可以选择that或which同时指代先行词songs的引导词在定语从句中作主语,songs为复数。根据主谓一致原则,谓语动词应用复数。综合以上情况,应选that are。
2. Lily doesnt know _____ she and her friends can do to help the little boy _____ parents have left their hometown for making money. (兰州)
A. that; whose ; ; B. how; who
C. what; who ; ; D. what; whose
【解析】正确答案为D。考查宾语从句中的引导词和定语从句中的引导词。句意:Lily不知道她和她的朋友能做什么来帮助这个父母离开家乡去赚钱的小男孩。该句由know可知“... she and her friends can do to help the little boy _____ parents have left their hometown for making money”是宾语从句。其中,动词do后缺少宾语,根据句意,第一个空应填what;在由what引导的宾语从句中又包含了定语从句“the little boy _____ parents have left their hometown for making money”,其先行词为the little boy, 且在从句中限定修饰parents,应选whose。
3. I like the cartoon _____ has a happy ending and makes me _____. (张家口)
A. which; to laugh B. that; to laugh
C. whose; laughing D. which; laugh
【解析】正确答案为D。考查定语从句的引导词及非谓语动词。句意:我喜欢有完满结局的和让我发笑的卡通片。先行词the cartoon是物,故定语从句用关系代词that或which;再由make sb. do sth.为固定结构,第二空选laugh。