阿尔泰可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩特征及其地质意义

2015-05-04 13:42王星蔺新望张亚峰郭岐明陈宁赵端昌张随安
西北地质 2015年3期
关键词:阿尔泰造山锆石

王星,蔺新望,张亚峰,郭岐明,陈宁,赵端昌,张随安

(陕西省地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710068)

阿尔泰可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩特征及其地质意义

王星,蔺新望,张亚峰,郭岐明,陈宁,赵端昌,张随安

(陕西省地质调查中心,陕西 西安 710068)

阿尔泰南缘可可托海地区发育大量的400Ma左右的泥盆纪花岗岩。岩石SiO2含量在62.36%~77.41%,里特曼指数σ介于0.43~1.88,A/CNK 值在0.97~1.12,属中钾、钙碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质岩石。具有富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,相对亏损重稀土和Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,弱-中的负Eu异常的岛弧岩浆岩特征。结合区域地质资料,可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩形成于活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧构造环境,是古亚洲洋向北俯冲的产物。

花岗岩;泥盆纪;陆缘弧;可可托海;阿尔泰

阿尔泰造山带位于中亚造山带的西南部,大地构造分区属天山-兴蒙造山系阿尔泰弧盆系(潘桂棠等,2009)。作为中亚造山带的一个重要组成部分,阿尔泰地区自前寒武纪以来发生了多次的构造-岩浆事件,形成了大面积的花岗岩,约占全区面积的40%以上(王中刚等,1998)。近些年来,许多学者(Windley et al.,2002;童英等,2005,2006,2007;王涛等,2005,2010;Wang et al.,2006; Yuan et al.,2006;曾乔松等,2007;刘锋等,2009;柴凤梅等,2010;刘国仁等,2010;张志欣等,2011;李会军等,2012;董连慧,2012)对这些花岗岩类的形成时代和构造环境进行了大量的研究工作,结果显示阿尔泰造山带经历了多次的岩浆侵入事件,其峰值可分为460Ma、400Ma、375Ma 3个阶段,其中400Ma左右的岩浆岩活动尤为剧烈。最近,笔者在新疆开展1∶25万可可托海幅、江德勒克幅区调修测及青河1∶5万阿尔沙特等四幅区调工作过程中,获得了一批泥盆纪年龄资料,佐证了400Ma±是阿尔泰造山带岩浆活动的高峰期这一认识。同时对可可托海地区该时期花岗岩的地质特征、岩相学特征、岩石地球化学特征等进行了研究,探讨其形成环境,以期为阿尔泰泥盆纪构造背景提供一些新信息。

1 区域地质概况

中国阿尔泰造山带位于阿尔泰山脉东段,大地构造位置属西伯利亚板块南缘(何国琦等,1990)。由多个块体组成(Li et al .,2003;Xiao et al.,2004)(图1a),以红山嘴-诺尔特断裂和阿巴宫-库尔提断裂为界由北向南依次为北阿尔泰、中阿尔泰和南阿尔泰3个块体。北阿尔泰块体主要由震旦—寒武系、上泥盆统—下石炭统火山-沉积岩组成,花岗岩主要形成于早—中古生代;中阿尔泰块体主要由震旦系—下古生界深变质岩系和奥陶—侏罗纪侵入岩组成,花岗岩在该区最为发育,其中可可托海、青格里地区出露大量的泥盆纪花岗岩;南阿尔泰块体主要由元古宇片麻岩和泥盆纪火山-沉积岩系组成,南部以额尔齐斯构造带为界与准噶尔板块相邻。笔者研究的可可托海地区属中阿尔泰块体。

2 地质特征与岩石学特征

可可托海地区岩浆活动剧烈,出露大量英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-花岗岩,另有少量辉长岩、角闪闪长岩等出露,时代多集中在泥盆纪,另有少量奥陶纪、三叠纪、侏罗纪等岩体发育。其中泥盆纪花岗岩类呈北西向带状展布,总体表现出与区域构造线一致的特点(图1b)。花岗岩锆石年龄值在409~378Ma,主要集中在400Ma左右。该期花岗岩具不同程度的交代结构,片麻状构造,片麻理与围岩面理基本一致。岩体与老地层之间主要呈侵入接触关系,局部具有混合岩化现象;后期岩浆作用产生的侵入岩与岩体多呈超动型侵入接触关系,局部受构造挤压应力作用的影响呈断层接触。岩体内普遍发育暗色闪长质包体,大小一般在5~10cm,多呈椭圆状、水滴状等,分布无规律,局部可见冷凝边,与寄主岩石界线截然;另可见围岩捕掳体,元古代深变质地层残留体多呈长条状和不规则状,与岩体界线较清晰,总体表现了该期岩浆具有壳幔混合的特征。此外,岩石普遍发生糜棱岩化变形及区域上发育的断层构造,反映了后期强烈的构造变形扰动。

可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩类岩性组合复杂,二长花岗岩-花岗闪长岩-英云闪长岩均有出露,不同岩性归属于不同的侵入体,各侵入体之间未见明显的侵入界线,但其锆石同位素年龄均在400Ma左右。该期岩体中普遍发育黑云母等暗色矿物,代表岩性岩相学特征如下。

(1)中粗粒黑云母花岗闪长岩:灰-深灰色,中粗粒花岗结构,块状构造。岩石组成矿物主要有斜长石、钾长石、石英、黑云母和角闪石等,粒径大小可分为2~3mm中粒级和>5~6mm粗粒级。其中:斜长石,含量47%~48%,半自形粒状,洁净,钠长石双晶及个别卡钠双晶均较清楚;钾长石,含量18%~20%,板状,洁净,具格子双晶,为微斜长石;石英,含量24%~26%,他形粒状;黑云母,含量6%~7%,半自形-他形片状,褐色;角闪石,含量2%~3%,半自形粒状。

(2)英云闪长岩:灰色,中细粒半自形粒状结构,块状构造。主要由斜长石(57%~58%)、石英(25%~26%)、钾长石(7%~8%)、黑云母(4%~5%)、角闪石(2%~3%)和绿帘石(2%~3%)等矿物组成。主要矿物粒径大小可分0.6~1mm细粒级及2~3mm中粒级,矿物之间相互紧密接触,杂乱分布。斜长石:呈半自形柱状,洁净,钠长石双晶清楚,An=22~24;石英:他形粒状,洁净;钾长石:他形粒状,洁净,格子双晶清晰,系微斜长石;黑云母:半自形片状,褐色;角闪石:半自形粒状。其中长石和石英常聚集呈团堆。

(3)黑云母二长花岗岩:灰色、浅肉红色,花岗结构,块状构造。组成矿物主要有斜长石(32 %~33 %),半自形粒状,稍浑浊,隐约显示钠长石双晶,An=22~24,见绢云母化蚀变;钾长石(29%~30%),他形粒状,洁净,具格子双晶,系微斜长石,个别从边缘交代斜长石等;石英(31%~32%),他形粒状,洁净,呈团堆出现;黑云母(4%~5%),他形-半自形片状,褐色;另有少量白云母矿物。主要矿物粒径2~4mm,相互紧密接触,杂乱分布。

3 地球化学特征

笔者选取了可可托海地区泥盆纪英云闪长岩-花岗闪长岩-花岗岩代表性花岗岩类样品进行了地球化学研究,其主量元素、微量元素分析结果见表1。

3.1 主量元素

主量元素显示泥盆纪花岗岩高硅、富铝、贫碱的特征。其中SiO2含量为62.36%~77.41%, Na2O和K2O的含量分别为2.86~3.92和1.87~3.68,里特曼指数在0.96~1.88之间,属钙碱性系列,与SiO2-K2O图解(图2)指示的中钾钙碱性系列一致,少量为高钾钙碱性。Al2O3含量在12.67~16.48之间,铝饱和指数为0.87~1.12,与A/ANK-A/NK图解(图3)均指示属准铝质-弱过铝质特征。综上所述,可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩具有中钾钙碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质、I型花岗岩岩石特征。

图1 新疆可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩分布略图①Fig.1 Distribution ofthe Devonian granitoids in Koktokay, Xinjiang

① 新疆1∶25万可可托海幅、江德勒克幅地质图.

表1 可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩主量(%)、微量(10-6)元素含量Tab.1 Major(%) and trace(10-6) element analyses of the Devonian granitoids in Koktokay

续表 1

岩性花岗闪长岩(片麻状黑云母) 二长花岗岩(似斑状黑云母)花岗岩(片麻状似斑状黑云母)SiO272.5773.6673.0169.3167.3467.4873.34TiO20.20.180.30.60.630.840.34Al2O313.8113.4412.6713.6615.0414.813.67Fe2O30.791.081.321.181.441.23FeO1.791.692.512.653.233.472.58MnO0.020.050.030.090.080.080.03MgO0.590.490.810.981.611.610.63CaO2.361.992.372.852.582.782.07Na2O3.43.2733.273.082.982.86K2O3.453.23.263.23.683.453.43P2O50.070.070.120.150.210.220.1烧失量0.450.450.231.030.881.020.3总量99.599.5799.6199.7999.54100.17100.58La25.924.322.434.136.234.237.76Ce54.553.244.863.4757379.52Pr6.215.714.327.439.48.99.74Nd25.723.816.227.835.934.238.01Sm6.025.382.946.137.97.57.31Eu0.880.920.951.321.551.431.32Gd5.835.223.316.247.16.86.74Tb0.870.780.420.921.351.261.09Dy5.425.022.565.948.17.86.65Ho1.051.030.551.171.661.591.28Er3.063.161.763.414.774.773.46Tm0.470.490.280.490.60.620.5Yb2.943.171.973.364.24.23.26Lu0.430.480.320.490.680.70.51Rb1541299295147144146.8Co6.554.916.473.894.764.235.34Ni10.67.487.944.746.385.621.07Cr23.310.614.62.24.095.130.61Sr14111514317515414852.9Ba346355415415570470433Cs10.56.756.063.516.436.658.74Nb10.79.366.5510.75.765.548.92Ta0.440.540.380.390.320.310.31Zr10.711.97.796.75207237188.5Hf1.091.420.690.8211.4110.726.05Th7.4415.49.388.8416.616.912.81U1.31.521.262.1222.11.93P370319428663916960436Ti1272102015101674377650352038Y27.226.515.230.643.841.930.2σ1.591.371.311.591.881.691.3A/CNK1.011.080.990.971.091.081.12δEu0.450.520.930.650.620.60.57(La/Yb)N5.955.187.686.865.825.57.83(La/Sm)N2.712.844.793.502.882.873.25(Gd/Lu)N1.691.351.291.581.301.211.64∑REE139.28132.66102.78162.2194.41186.97197.15

注:数据测试单位:核工业二0三研究所,2010~2012。

图2 KO2-SiO2图解(底图据 Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976)Fig.2 K2O-SiO2 diagram (After Peccerillo and Taylor,1976)

图3 A/ANK-A/NK图解(底图据Shand,1927)Fig.3 A/NK-A/CNK diagram (After Shand,1927)

3.2 微量元素

稀土元素总含量(∑REE=81.32×10-6~197.15×10-6)较低,平均值为139.46×10-6。(La/Sm)N值为2.55~4.92,(Gd/Yb)N值为1.34~2.30,(La/Yb)N值为5.18~11.39,表明岩石轻稀土元素分馏程度高于重稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素之间分馏程度较强。岩石δEu值在0.45~0.97之间,呈弱-中等负异常,暗示岩浆在形成过程中可能存在斜长石的分离结晶作用或源区有斜长石的残留。岩石球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图(图4)表现为轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素相对亏损、弱-中等负Eu异常的右倾型,具典型的岛弧岩浆岩特征。

图4 球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线(据Taylor,1985)Fig.4 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (After Taylor,1985)

岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),如Rb、Th、U等,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),Ba、Sr、P、Ti等明显亏损。在原始地幔标准化蛛网图(图5)上,Rb、Th、U等LILE富集,呈明显的“峰”,Nb、Ta、Ti等HFSE强烈亏损,呈明显“TNT”负异常,与俯冲作用下形成的岩浆岩特征相似。Rb/Sr值介于0.33~2.78之间,平均值为0.88,高于上地壳的Rb/Sr值(0.25),反映了岩体经历高程度的分离结晶作用;Nb/Ta值在15.4~28.8之间(平均值为21.13),大于原始地幔(17.5)和大陆地壳(11),这可能是由于流体加入导致Nb、Ta分馏(Dostal &Chatterjee,2000)。其Th/U值为3.74~11.6,平均值为7.15,大于下地壳Th/U值(6.00)(Rudnick & Gao S,2003),及岩体普遍发育的与寄主岩石形成时代基本一致暗色闪长质包体,暗示岩浆来源可能和下地质熔融有关,并有地幔物质的贡献。

图5 原始地幔标准化蛛网图(据Sun&McDonough,1989)Fig.5 Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spidergrams (After Sun and McDonough,1989)

4 讨论

近年来,越来越多的资料显示阿尔泰南缘造山带岩浆活动的高峰期在400Ma左右。其中阿尔泰造山带发育的大量的泥盆花岗岩,如北阿尔泰块体诺尔特地区的塔斯比克都尔根岩体(414~396Ma,肖序常,1992);中阿尔泰块体的喀纳斯岩体(398±5 Ma,童英等,2005)、铁列克岩体(403±5Ma,童英等,2005)、琼库尔岩体(399±4Ma,童英等,2007)、五矿岩体(378±6Ma,孙敏等,2009)、库尔提岩体(378±6Ma,Wang et al.,2006)、可可托海岩体(415~399Ma,王中刚等,1998;Windley et al.,2002;Wang et al.,2006;Yuan et al.,2007)、青格里岩体(420~386Ma,王中刚等,1998)和南阿尔泰块体的冲乎尔盆地北岩体(413±4Ma,曾乔松等,2007)、塔尔浪岩体(413~382 Ma,Yuan et al.,2007)、阿维滩岩体(400±6Ma,Wang et al.,2006)、克兰河中游岩体(400±2.3Ma和401±2.3Ma,刘国仁等,2010),具有岛弧特征的火山岩(陈汉林等,2006;柴凤梅等,2009.;于淑艳等,2011)、基性侵入岩(Wang et al.,2006)及弧后扩张产物——库尔提蛇绿岩(372±19Ma,张海祥等,2003),指示岩浆活动的鼎盛时期在泥盆纪早-中期。可可托海地区系阿尔泰造山带的组成部分,本次工作发现了大量的泥盆纪花岗岩(398±3.5Ma,张亚峰等,2014;403.4±7.4Ma,张亚峰等,2014;396±3.3Ma和399±5.6Ma,未发表资料),及其北部诺尔特地区发现的泥盆纪火山-沉积组合——正格河火山岩(王星等,2015),其形成时代也在400Ma左右,从而补充了阿尔泰造山带400Ma±的岩浆活动的年龄信息,同时佐证了400Ma左右的岩浆活动是阿尔泰南缘造山带岩浆活动的高峰期,该时期是阿尔泰造山带构造运动剧烈活动阶段。

关于阿尔泰造山带华力西早期的构造环境,前人存在多种不同认识。王京彬等(1998)认为当时属大陆边缘裂谷环境,万博等(2006)则倾向于与俯冲有关的岛弧环境,许继峰等(2001)、张海祥等(2004)认识到当时已处于活动大陆边缘的陆弧环境,Yuan et al.(2007)则认为是活动大陆边缘的伸展环境。但随着近年来研究的深入,越来越多的学者认同阿尔泰泥盆纪时期处于活动大陆边缘,岩浆活动与板块俯冲有关。可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩,具有中钾钙碱性、准铝质-弱过铝质岩石特点,轻稀土富集、重稀土相对亏损,微量元素富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,这与区域上400Ma左右的与俯冲作用有关的花岗岩地球化学特征相一致。微量元素构建的花岗岩Nb-Y(图6)和Rb-(Y+Nb)(图6)构造环境判别图解也显示了同样的结论。此外,区域上发育的同时期火山岩也具有俯冲带活动大陆边缘特征。另外,龙晓平等(2008)通过对阿尔泰南缘泥盆纪浅变质碎屑沉积岩地球化学、源区物质年代学及铪同位素组成的研究,认为其形成于活动大陆边缘构造环境。蔺新望等(待发表)根据变形变质特征及同位素年龄(元古宙老锆石)将可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩中-深变质围岩(前寒武纪地层)厘定为元古代地层,暗示了该地区存在古老基底。综上所述,笔者认为可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩岩体形成于活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧构造环境。

研究表明,早古生代时期,分隔着西伯利亚板块和哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块的古亚洲洋广泛分布于中亚造山带和中国新疆北部地区(胡霭琴等,2006)。新疆北部地区自北向南发育的额尔齐斯蛇绿混杂岩带、扎河坝-阿尔曼太蛇绿混杂岩带和卡拉麦里蛇绿混杂岩带等,是古亚洲洋存在的物质记录,其中后两条蛇绿混杂岩带出露良好,蛇绿岩组分较齐全,研究程度较高,形成时代已被确定为早古生代(何国琦等,2001;肖文交等,2006);最近在额尔齐斯蛇绿混杂岩带青河县玛音鄂博蛇绿构造混杂岩中发现的斜长角闪岩锆石U-Pb同位素年龄显示其形成于早志留世(437±12)Ma(张越等,2012),岩石地球化学具有大洋拉斑玄武岩特征(N-MORB型),也是早古生代时期西伯利亚板块南部存在古亚洲洋的有力证据。古亚洲洋大致从晚寒武世开始向北俯冲于阿尔泰微大陆之下,随着大洋持续的向北俯冲作用,洋壳板块变质脱水,消减洋壳及地幔楔发生部分熔融形成基性岩浆,上涌的基性岩浆携带高热底侵于下地壳,使地壳部分熔融,并发生壳幔混合作用,形成大规模415~380Ma的弧岩浆岩(牛贺才等,2006;王涛等,2010),并以400Ma±的岩浆活动尤为剧烈。张栋等(2011)对中亚造山带内新疆北部的俯冲和碰撞钙碱性花岗岩进行了划分研究,俯冲钙碱性花岗岩具有钾钙碱性、强富集Rb(76.5×10-6~146.8×10-6)、低∑REE值(81.32×10-6~197.15×10-6)等特征,可可托海地区的泥盆纪花岗岩元素地球化学特征与其基本一致,其中普遍发育的暗色闪长质包体暗示了俯冲过程中存在壳幔混合作用,此外,该时期发育大量的与俯冲作用有关的火山岩。故此,笔者认为该时期剧烈的岩浆活动与古亚洲洋的向北俯冲有关。

图6 微量元素判别图解(据Pearce,1984)Fig.6 Tectonic setting determinant diagram (After Pearce,1984)

5 结论

(1)可可托海地区花岗岩主要形成于泥盆纪早—中期(400Ma左右),结合区域资料,400Ma±是阿尔泰造山带岩浆活动的高峰期。

(2)可可托海地区泥盆纪花岗岩形成于活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧构造环境。其动力学背景与古亚洲洋持续的向北俯冲作用有关。

致谢: LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测试得到了西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室柳小明博士的大力支持和热心帮助;匿名评审人提出了诸多宝贵而中肯的意见,在此一并表示衷心的感谢!

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Characteristics and Geological Significance of the Devonian Granitoids in Koktokay Area of Altay

WANG Xing, LIN Xinwang, ZHANG Yafeng, GUO Qiming, CHEN Ning,ZHAO Duanchang, ZHANG Suian

(Shaanxi Center of Geological Survey, Xi’an 710068, Shaanxi, China)

The Koktokay area is located in the southern part of Altay, where Devonian granitoids were well developed and the ages of the granitiods are about 400 Ma. The SiO2content ranges from 62.36% to 77.41%, and σ from 0.43 to 1.88, A/CNK from 0.97 to 1.12, implying the granitoid belongs to mid-K, calc-alkaline, quasi-aluminous and weak peraluminous rocks. In addition, they are enriched in LILE(Rb, Th, U) and LREE, obvious depleted of HREE and HFSE( Nb, Ta, Ti), besides, they have island-arc magmatite features characterized by weak-medium negative Eu anomaly. Combined with the regional geological data, the Devonian granitoids is a product of Paleo-Asian Ocean subduction toward north, and generated in an island-arc setting of active continental margin.

granitoids; Devonian; island-arc; Koktokay; Altay

2015-03-12;

2015-05-20

中国地质调查局“新疆1∶25万可可托海幅、江德勒克幅区调修测”(1212011120503)、“新疆青河县1∶5万(L46E005001、L46E005002、L46E006001、L46E006002)4幅区调”(1212011120509)

王星(1988-),男,陕西兴平人,助理工程师,主要从事区域地质调查工作。E-mail:star_cug@126.com

P588.13

A

1009-6248(2015)03-0251-11

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