刘静
高中阶段的非谓语动词中,动词不定式的时态是常常容易发生的混淆点之一。今天我们就从动词不定式的时态着手,剖析其重点和难点,并结合相关练习,希望能给同学们一些启示。
理论上,不定式有四种时态形式,即一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式,但是只有前三种是常用的,完成进行式只在某些极其罕见的特殊情况下才会用到。不同的情况下,如何正确选用不定式的时态呢?
掌握动词不定式的关键在于其时态和语态,以及同为非谓语动词,它跟动名词的区别在哪里。本期的特别策划从这三个方面入手,分析动词不定式的各种变化,帮助同学们理解不同时态和语态下意义的不同,从而用对、用好动词不定式。
1
一般现在式
不定式的一般现在式里的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
When I visited him, he happened to go out.
当我找他时,他碰巧外出了。
I hope to see you again.
= I hope that Ill see you again.
我希望再见到你。
They invited me to have dinner with them.
他们邀请我和他们一起吃晚饭。
2
完成式
如果不定式的完成式里的动作是瞬间动作,它表示一个在现在或过去某时之前已经完成的动作;如果是延续性动词,它表示一个一直持续到现在或过去某时的动作。
He pretended to have fallen asleep when little Tom came to him.
当小汤姆来找他时,他假装已经睡着了。
The student seems to have caught a cold because of the bad weather.
这个学生好像因为坏天气感冒了。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting. (to have kept发生在am sorry之前)
对不起,让你久等了。
Im glad to have met your parents here.
我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。
动词不定式的完成式和下列动词的过去时连用,表示过去没有实现的事情:be, plan, hope, expect, intend, mean, wish等。另外还有should/would like/love,这个结构表示“本打算/想/计划(却没有)……”。例如:
Hed like to have been offered the job and (to have been) given the opportunity to prove himself.
他真希望别人给了他这个工作,给了他一个机会证明自己。
The game was to have taken place in USA.
比赛原计划在美国举行。
Mr white planned to have gone abroad last week.
=Mr white planned to go abroad but he didnt.
怀特先生原计划上周出国的。
同样的意思也可用上述动词的过去完成时加动词不定式的一般式来表达。例如:
I had hoped to visit the great pyramid.
=I hoped to have visited the great pyramid.
=I hoped to visit it, but I didnt.
我本希望参观大金字塔的。
They would like to have had your help.
=They wanted to have your help but they didnt have it.
他们本想得到你帮助的。
注意 同学们最容易在这个时态上犯错误,原因在于经常没有仔细思考动作发生的先后顺序和句子的含义,容易忽视完成时态的使用。例如:
The young lady generally prefers dressing up for a party by others. (notice)
这位年轻的女士通常喜欢为聚会盛装打扮,以引起别人的注意。
He is said for 3 months, but I dont know which country he was in.
据说他在国外学习过三个月,但我不知道是在哪个国家。
答案 to be noticed (考查不定式的被动语态);
to have studied abroad (考查不定式的完成式)。
3
进行式
表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词动作同时发生。
He seems to be thinking about the question right now.
她似乎正在思考这个问题。
He pretended to be doing his homework when he heard his fathers sound.
他听见父亲的声音,假装正在做作业。
The president was reported to be visiting the hospital.
据报道总统正在访问那家医院。
以上三种时态在动词不定式做后置定语也是考查的重点,例如:
The question is about the pollution. (discuss)
即将讨论的问题与污染相关。
The hotel is in the center of the city. (build)
正在修建的旅馆坐落于市中心。
The plan is really a good one. (carry)
上个月实施的那个计划的确是个好计划。
答案 to be discussed; being built; carried out last month。
以上三个题目也表明,在动词不定式的学习中,我们不可能只面对单一的进行动词不定式的理解和应用,在很多时候应结合时态、语态、句子成分进行综合分析,只有这样才能准确、到位地解答题目。
4
完成进行式
All the scientists in this field are known to have been working on the problem for many years.
众所周知,所有这个领域的科学家已经研究这个问题多年了。
动词不定式的学习是一个系统的网状的结构。同学们切忌死记硬背,粗枝大叶。只有不断地总结和思考,才能将其巩固到位。