张囡
(陕西师范大学 陕西西安 710062)
炎炎沙漠中的欣欣向荣
——关于计算机辅助翻译对介词翻译客观性检验的实验报告
张囡
(陕西师范大学 陕西西安 710062)
提及英语中的介词及介词词组,我相信首先跳入我们脑海中的(当然我这里所说的是最起码有一定水平,至少懂得英语中的介词是什么的人)就是“桌方论”,所谓“桌方论”用我的话讲就是on the desk,in the desk,under the desk以及above the desk---英语的学习就这样在一堆儿一堆儿的类似排比又仿佛规律的意群中进行。那么,我们来对这组“桌方论”做一点简单的分析:请大家注意一下,“桌方论”中的介词都不是单枪匹马独自上战场的,这介词之后还有desk这个强大的名词做后盾呢。因此,基于现代英语的“分析性语言”(analytical language)特征,词语之间的语义关系主要不是通过相对固定的次序实现,而是通过词语的搭配关系表现出来的。这其中,我们最大的功臣就是介词,它们充当了这种搭配关系的桥梁,并且以它们极大程度的友好性和灵活性联络了不少名词,形容词甚至动词,从而在英语语言中尤其是虚词一类中树立了自己坚不可摧的地位。
我们大家都知道,介词又名小品词,是功能词的一种,用于名词或类似名词的词,词组和从句前,从而实现标记这些词或词组与句中其他成分的关系的功能。不管怎么样,所有表达概念的或者定义的事物听起来难免有一些晦涩,不过没关系我们要做的只是用自己的方式去理解,就像我在上文中提到的一样介词的搭配功能和搭配范围是相当强大的。通过这几天回头对介词系统的研究和资料查阅,我发现—英语中,除介词短语,简单介词和复合介词的数量大约有100个,其中常用介词不过50个。虽说比起那些实词的分量这数字未免显得有些单薄,但其实平日的学习中我们不难发现英语句子的组织及意义的准确传达大多是由介词来完成的。接下来这个数据就有些令人震撼了。据统计,一本书或一篇文章中带有介词的句子通常会占到整篇内容的三分之二。
说了这么多其实总结起来我想表达的意思还是相对比较清晰的,那就是介词其实在英语中是一片经常被我们英语学习者或者说未来翻译的翻译工作者忽视的土地,这土地原本欣欣向荣,生机勃勃,却因种种原因变成了我们心目中的炎热沙漠,无人问津的现状确实令人发汗。即便是有一些范围内的涉足,也是少之又少的,目前,对介词的研究大多关注介词的意义,用法以及同其他词语的搭配,而针对介词翻译的研究则更多地关注翻译技巧,即探讨的问题集中在这个介词该不该译或用什么方法译。而今天,我想跟大家分享的似乎会更有趣-----那就是当越来越多的翻译软件加之在线辅助翻译工具悄悄地渗透在我们的学习生活中时,我们又如何对待他们呢,全盘接受,茫然批判,显然,这都是不可取的,先不说为什么,相信大家可以从我的用词中得到一些蛛丝马迹-----大家可别忘了,任何绝对化的东西是绝对不可取的。接受或是批判,哲学思想会启迪我们判断的最根本的标准无非是看这个事物的客观性,而对于翻译,将一种语言转换为另一种语言,其客观性就表现在他的翻译质量。这样我们的目标就明了了,检验这些软件翻译的质量,然后凭你的专业知识来判断其客观性,最终再下结论。结合上面所说的我们今天就来做一个实验,那就是“翻译软件对介词翻译的客观性检验。”接下来,我们来一起关注这个小小的实验------
(一)报告主题:翻译软件对介词翻译的客观性检验
(二)实验材料来源:新编英语语法教程(第五版)第二十六讲(介词和介词词组)
(三)实验工具:百度在线翻译
(四)实验方法及步骤:a.将所有介词及介词词组出现的例句用百度在线翻译做一遍
b.将百度翻译结果与书中翻译进行对比
c.对比得出结论作出分析
(五)实验目的:检验该软件对介词翻译的处理效果,检验其翻译质量,分析其工作利弊,从而促进翻译事业(包括人工翻译和计算机辅助翻译在内)的发展和进步。
(六)实验结果展示:
1.介词与形容词的搭配
Is that country rich in minerals? 是,矿藏丰富的国家?
He is intent on winning. 他决心赢得
I’m indifferent to heat and cold. 我冷漠to热与冷。
Rose is alive to the feeling of shame.玫瑰是活着的羞耻感.
The cat is alive with lice. 猫是活的虱子。
The man is blind of an eye. 他瞎了一只眼。
Jack was blind to his own fault. 杰克是盲人,他自己的过错。
Joe was very disappointed at not finding her at home.乔很失望的发现她不在家。
His parents will be disappointed with her if she fails the exam.他的父母将如果她考试不及格,感到失望的她。
2.介词与动词的搭配
I shall prevail on him to make the attempt. 我说服他去做这样的尝试。
You can appeal to a higher court and apply for a fresh trail.你可以向上级法院上诉,申请一个新的线索。
We concentrated on doing one job at a time.我们集中在一次做一份工作。
He fell into the habit of not attending to other people’s advice.他渐渐习惯了不参加别人的意见。
Your correspondents have only touched upon the fringe of the matter.的记者对此事的边缘只有感动。
They excluded him from the club.他们拒绝他的俱乐部。
They took me into their confidence.他们信任我。
Bad weather robs a holiday of half its pleasure.恶劣的天气使一半的快乐假期。
He released her from her promise.他发表了她的承诺
These men took her from for a swindler.这些人把她从一个骗子。
The old widow always takes pity on some stray cat or dog.老寡妇总是哀怜无家可归的猫或狗。
The report lays great emphasis on the development of nursery schools in the area.该报告强调了在该地区的幼儿园的发展。
You should take advantage of this opportunity,for it may not occur again.你应该好好利用这个机会,因为它可能不会再次发生。
I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.我不想打破你的思想。
The family came up against fresh problems.家庭遇到了新的问题。
You are not telling me the whole story.You are holding out on me.你没有告诉我全部的故事。你是在骗我。
She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.她下了他之后,她开始在机关工作的很快。
We shouldn’t’t put the shortage down to bad planning.我们不应该把短缺到坏的计划。
You shouldn’t’t take your resentment out on me.你不应该把你的怨恨发泄在我的身上。
You must watch that guy,or he’ll put something over on you before you know it.你必须注意那家伙,他会说你在你知道它之前。
3.介词与名词的搭配
There seems to be a solution to this problem.似乎有一个解决这个问题的办法。
Have you any faith in herb medicine?你在草药任何信仰吗?
A glance at this letter will convince you by its contents that Mike is grasping at your money.只要看一眼这封信将其内容,迈克握在你的钱说服你。
Is there any for all this hurry?有没有这么急?
A young man should be on guard against bad company.一个年轻人要防范坏伙伴公司。
we did it at your request.我们做它在您的请求
In all probability,he passed the entrance examination of our institution.在所有的可能性,他通过我们机构的入学考试。
复杂介词
1.双词介词
according to 根据,按照;据…所说;如;比照;
ahead of n.在…之前;
along with和…一起[一道],随着;除…以外(还);以及;连同;
apart from 脱离;除此之外(表示除…以外别无);除去;撇开…来说(表示除…以外尚有);
apropos of adv.关于,至于;
as for至于,关于;说起;
as to至于;关于;按着;根据;
because of因为,由于;基于;
but for要不是;
care of adv.由…转交;
due to欠下债[账],应给予;由于;定于;
irrespective of不顾的,不考虑的,无论;在所不计;不计;
out of n.由于(原因,动机);用…(材料);自…离开;得自(来源);
owing to由于,因为;多亏;
previously to以前
prior to adj.先前的;较早的;在前的;优先的;
regardless of不管,不顾;无;不拘;
save for为…积蓄[储存]…;节省;
thanks to幸亏,多亏,由于;
together with和…一同,连同…;连。。。带。。。;与;偕;
up to直到;做…;在于…;能胜任;
except for除…之外;若不是;
what with因为,由于,考虑到;
instead of(用…)代替…,(是…)而不是…,(用…)而不用…;
例句:
Apropos of higher tuition,Mr.Black told the boy about the educational loans that banks are offering.关于更高的学费,布莱克先生告诉男孩,银行提供教育贷款。
She never would have been able to make a success of the dinning-room but for the kindness and assistance of the men.她绝不能做一个成功的餐厅但对男人的援助。
You’d better try writing to Jane care of the BBC.They’ll probably send the letter on to her.最好试着写简照顾的英国广播公司。他们可能会把这封信寄给她。
The big audition was oddly silent except for a few scattered giggles.大试镜是奇怪的沉默,除了一些零散的笑声。
why don’t you stay home and watch TV instead of going to the cinema?你为什么不呆在家看电视Instead of going to the cinema?
She bought whatever caught her eye regardless of the price.她买什么吸引了她的目光,无论价格
She was cheated out of$1,000 by the young man.她被骗了1000美元的年轻人
He sent her some books,together with a dictionary.他送了她几本书,外加一本词典。
It is a good book save for the last chapter.这是一个很好的书,除了最后一章。
What with drink and what with fright,he did not know much about the facts.什么喝什么恐惧,他不知道有关事实。
2.三词介词
at variance with和…不和,和…不符;
by force of adv.由于;迫于;通过;以…手段;
by means of用,依靠;将;借助于;
by reason of adv.由于,因为;
by way of路经;途经;作为;意在;
for fear of为了避免,害怕;
for lack of因…而没有;
in addition to adv.除…之外;
on behalf of为了…的利益;代表…;
例句:
Harry achieved his aim by force of sheer determination.哈利达到他的目标通过纯粹的确定力。
In consequence of the shipwreck many families were in mourning.在许多家庭都在哀悼失事后果。
In point of composition,her letter does not seem defective.在点组成,她的信似乎没有缺陷。
In defiance of the order to finish the work,Joe went away leaving half of it undone.在违抗命令来完成这项工作,乔就丢下它一半撤消。
In terms of sentence structure,legal sentences are,almost without exception,complex.在句子结构方面,法律的句子,几乎无一例外的,复杂的。
They were made to promise under pain of death never to enter the country again.他们答应在死亡的痛苦永远不会再次进入该国。
It must be understood that this concession is made without prejudice to any future decision of the committee.它必须被理解,这一让步不损害未来委员会的任何决定。
If he thought a thing was right,he should do it with regard to consequence.如果他认为一件事是对的,他应该考虑到后果做。
3.四词介词
at the expenses of在费用
at the mercy of任…摆布,在…前毫无办法
at the rate of以…速度;
for the benefit of为…的利益,为惩戒…;
for the sake of为了;
at the brink of在边缘
on the ground of根据…,以…为理由;
例句:
The shipwrecked sailors were at the mercy of the wind and waves.遭遇海难的水手们在风浪摆布。
The boy was left in the care of his uncle.把孩子留给他的叔叔照管
In the event of an accident,the police must be called at once.在发生事故时,警察必须调用一次。
The ship could scarcely hold her course in the teeth of the wind.该船几乎在风的牙齿咬住她的课程。
He declined the invitation on the ground of a previous engagement.他拒绝对之前的约会地邀请。
Incompetence on the part of a judge cannot but lead to miscarriage of justice.在一个法官不能部分的无能而导致误判。
In the hall he found Roberts on the point of departure.在大厅里,他发现在出发点罗伯茨。
Such irresponsible conduct can only work to the prejudice of our cause.这种不负责任的行为只会对我们事业的偏见
On his return from the pacific coast,John stopped in Colorado with a view to some investment in silver mines.在他从太平洋沿岸的回报,约翰停在科罗拉多州以银矿山投资。
He is working hard now with an eye to the future.现在他努力工作着眼于未来。
With the exception of David Coleman all in the room were smoking.在房间里和戴维科尔曼都异常吸烟。
介词词组与某些限定分句的转换关系
1.介词词组在意义上相当于that-分句
Did anyone inform you of the change of the plans?有人告诉你计划的改变?
Did anyone inform you that the plans had been changed?有没有人告诉你,这个计划已经改变了吗?
Are you sure about Simon’s disappearance?你对西蒙的失踪吗?
Are you sure that Simon has disappeared?你肯定西蒙已经消失了?
The young man convinced everyone of his innocence.年轻人使大家确信他无罪。
The young man convinced everyone that he was innocent.年轻人让大家相信他是无辜的
2.介词词组在意义上相当于状语分句
Because of his mistake several people died.由于他的错误死了几个人。
Because he made a mistake,several people died.因为他犯了一个错误,几人死亡。
Despite the city’s many attractions,Johnny still preferred his cottage in t he country.尽管城市的许多景点,约翰尼仍然优先他的小屋in the country。
Although the city has many attractions,Johnny still preferred his cottage in the country.虽然城市有很多景点,约翰尼仍然喜欢他的乡下。
Within my knowledge,nothing like this has ever happened before.就我所知,从前没有发生过这样的事情。
So far as I know,nothing like this has ever happened before.到目前为止我所知道的,这种事情以前从来没有发生过。
Without his sister’s money,Harry would never be a doctor.没有他姐姐的钱,哈利将永远不会成为医生
If it weren’t‘t for his sister’s money,Harry would never be a doctor.如果不是他妹妹的钱,哈利永远不会成为一个医生。
3.介词词组在意义上相当于关系分句
The man with a red beard is talking to Henry’s father.一个红色的长胡子的男人是亨利的爸爸说话
The man who has a red beard is talking to Henry’s father.谁有红胡子和亨利的父亲的人。
以上就是本次试验的所有内容,接下来我将会就以上的翻译结果做出自己的分析。就其总体翻译质量而言,百度在介词翻译这一章里的表现还是值得人夸奖的------之所以这么说是因为从上面的翻译文本来看至少对于介词的处理没有出现太多误解或是错译的,尤其是对于那些单独出现的介词词组的处理确实让人惊叹不已,不管是基于统计还是基于数据,它在这一点上都做得相当完美,或者我们可以说百度翻译统计记忆库对于介词的处理(当然这里的处理指的是储备,分析以及识别)是相当完善的。当然,关于颇受争议的在线翻译恐怕我们也不能抱太过边缘化的态度,从以上的实验结果来看还是存在漏洞的,下面我们来具体分析一下(当然,基于实验范围的限制,这里我只分析介词这一块,短期内将忽视其他语法点的处理)。
Ⅰ.整体完美
A.百度翻译对于介词的整体处理效果是相当不错的。
B.百度翻译对于单个介词的处理是相当完善的,它几乎可以给出介词词组的所有意思,不管是双词介词,三词介词,还是四词介词。(见P6)
Ⅱ.局部缺陷
A.有时会出现中英结合的译文,这就给它的整体质量打了大大的折扣。例如:
I’m indifferent to heat and cold. 我冷漠to热与冷。
B.无法把握句子的中心意思,也就是说无法正确处理不同介词不同搭配所要表达的准确意思。例如:
Rose is alive to the feeling of shame.玫瑰是活着的羞耻感.
The cat is alive with lice. 猫是活的虱子。
C.将实义词与介词分开来译,无法把握其引申义或比喻义。例如:
Jack was blind to his own fault. 杰克是盲人,他自己的过错。
He released her from her promise.他发表了她的承诺。
D.语序处理仍需作调整。例如:
we did it at your request.我们做它在您的请求。
综上,就是本次试验所做的整体分析。我相信机器翻译作为一个新生儿总有一天将成为新宠儿的。
我们期待计算机辅助翻译可以为所有英语学习者提供更多的便利,但我们的最终目标将是让更强大的翻译软件走进翻译界,走近译员,真正实现呈现理想化的质量上乘的译本,而非如今似乎只限于与字符翻译相差无几的逐字阶段!作为文化传播者的载体,我们有责任向世界展示更多中国元素,更有义务让我们的国家走在时代的前列,译者就像使者,搭起的是交流的桥梁,而关键就在于我们所搭的桥通往文化最精辟的地方。译员们不仅仅只是需要,更确切的说是渴望与计算机携手并进,提高效率,减少苦力实现真正意义上的绿色翻译,让我们一起期待炎炎沙漠中的欣欣向荣!
张囡(1992.5~),女,陕西西安,陕西师范大学,学历(2014级硕士)研究方向:课程与教学论