符国良,孟志斌,李 俊,吉貞料
·论著·
强直性脊柱炎患者发生脊柱骨折危险因素的病例对照研究
符国良,孟志斌,李 俊,吉貞料
目的 对强直性脊柱炎(AS)患者进行临床资料分析,探究其发生脊柱骨折的危险因素。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,选取2009年1月—2013年12月在海南医学院附属医院就诊的AS患者134例,以发生脊柱骨折患者为病例组,共25例;以未发生脊柱骨折患者为对照组,共109例。测量患者指-地距离、Schober指数、BASRI分数;检测血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、红细胞沉降率(ESR);测量全身及各部分骨密度(BMD)T-score值。测定部位主要为:全身BMD T-score,腰椎(LS)BMD T-score,股骨颈(FN)BMD T-score。结果 两组患者性别、体质指数(BMI)、病程、BASRI分数、CRP、ESR、全身BMD T-score、LS-BMD T-score、FN-BMD T-score比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组年龄、跌落创伤史、指-地距离、Schober指数比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、跌落创伤史、病程、Schober指数、ESR、LS-BMD T-score和FN-BMD T-score为影响AS患者发生脊柱骨折的因素(P<0.05)。结论 男性、跌落创伤史、ESR高、病程长、Schober指数低、LS-BMD T-score和FN-BMD T-score值低、指-地距离长的AS患者可能更容易发生脊柱骨折,应提前做好预防,及时控制病情,改善体内骨代谢情况,治疗骨量减少和骨质疏松。
脊柱炎,强直性;脊柱骨折;危险因素
强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一种慢性进行性炎症,属于风湿病的一种,主要侵犯患者的骶髂关节及脊柱[1],我国患病率约为0.26%[2],现代医学仍未有切实有效的治愈方案,但早期治疗能够控制疾病恶化及致残[3]。在炎症发展过程中,患者常常在早期伴发骨质疏松、骨量减少、关节侵蚀、关节改变、骨化、脊柱抗震荡能力减弱等情况,易导致脊柱骨折的发生[4]。而AS脊柱骨折不同于一般创伤性脊柱骨折,治疗难度较大,后果严重,应引起重视[5]。本研究对2009年1月—2013年12月在本院就诊的AS患者进行临床分析研究,探究AS患者发生脊柱骨折的危险因素,并提出预防措施。
1.1 研究对象 选取2009年1月—2013年12月在海南医学院附属医院就诊的AS患者134例,其中男92例,女42例;年龄15~71岁,平均年龄(33.2±9.7)岁;病程6~28年,平均病程(8.5±5.7)年。患者的诊断均符合1984年修订的强直性脊柱炎纽约标准[6]。排除标准:(1)因其他原因导致脊柱骨折或在诊断AS以前已有脊椎手术史、创伤史者;(2)伴有甲状旁腺功能亢进、甲状腺功能亢进症、慢性肝脏疾病、肾功能不全等与骨代谢相关疾病者;(3)正在服用类固醇、钙剂或维生素D补充剂等骨代谢药物者;(4)不同意或未签署知情同意书,以及意识不清楚无法参与者。
1.2 方法及指标 采用病例对照研究方法,以发生脊柱骨折患者为病例组,共25例;以未发生脊柱骨折患者为对照组,共109例。通过查询患者的病历资料,根据文献[7-9],确定观察指标。记录患者年龄、性别、体质指数(BMI)、跌落创伤史、病程等一般资料;测量患者双腿并直弯腰双臂下垂后指尖据地面距离,即指-地距离;Schober指数;BASRI分数(0分为正常,1分为可疑,2分为有侵蚀、椎体方形变、2个椎体的硬化形成或韧带骨赘,3分为3个以上椎体韧带骨赘或有2个椎体骨性融合,4分为>3个椎体骨性融合)。于入院次日清晨空腹抽取静脉血5 ml,以8 000 r/min离心30 s,取上清液冻存送检,使用罗氏公司提供的酶联免疫试剂盒测定血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、红细胞沉降率(ESR),严格按照试剂盒说明书操作。
采用数字化快速双能X线扫描骨密度仪(美国Norland,XR-600)测定患者骨密度(BMD)T-score,T-score为受试者骨质量与同性别青年组(本院已记录)平均超声衰减度(BUA)的比值,可消除由于性别造成的差异。测定部位主要为:全身BMD T-score,腰椎(LS)BMD T-score,股骨颈(FN)BMD T-score,操作按照仪器说明进行。-2.5≤T-score≤-1.0为骨量减少,T-score<-2.5为骨质疏松。
2.1 观察指标比较 两组患者性别、BMI、病程、BASRI分数、CRP、ESR、全身BMDT-score、LS-BMDT-score、FN-BMDT-score比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组年龄、跌落创伤史、指-地距离、Schober指数比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表1)。
表1 两组患者观察指标比较
注:a为χ2值;b为U值;余检验统计量为t值;BMI=体质指数,CRP=C反应蛋白,ESR=红细胞沉降率,BMD=骨密度,LS=腰椎,FN=股骨颈
2.2 多因素非条件Logistic回归分析 以是否发生脊柱骨折为因变量,以年龄、性别、BMI、跌落创伤史、病程、指-地距离、Schober指数、BASRI分数、CRP、ESR、LS-BMD T-score和FN-BMD T-score为自变量,入选标准为0.05,排除标准为0.10,采用后退法对变量进行筛选,进行非条件Logistic回归分析,结果显示,性别、跌落创伤史、病程、Schober指数、ESR、LS-BMD T-score和FN-BMD T-score为AS患者发生脊柱骨折的影响因素(P<0.05,见表2)。
表2 AS患者发生脊柱骨折影响因素的多因素非条件Logistic回归分析
Table 2 Multivariate unconditioned Logistic regression analysis on influencing factors for spinal fracture in AS patients
影响因素βSEWaldχ2值P值OR值95%CI性别00470399645400121201(1105,4544)跌落创伤史11750201593500142336(1634,10765)病程03120162649000111421(1208,4731)Schober指数-07680432571500090303(0065,0543)ESR00720435205400451081(1001,2454)LS-BMDT-score-16020552117400030245(0021,0735)FN-BMDT-score-37240469875000050078(0002,0294)
AS是一种炎性脊柱关节病变,主要累及人体的脊柱、骶髂关节及髋关节。有研究报道,AS患者脊柱骨折的发生率高出正常人2.5~4.0倍[10-11]。其骨折较一般骨折情况有特殊的临床特点:(1)创伤史不明显;(2)损伤程度重;(3)容易发生脊髓损伤;(4)多发生于下颈椎段[12]。AS一旦发生脊柱骨折,后果严重,致残率、病死率高,严重影响预后。然而,医生在治疗该类疾病过程中,常常仅关注患者的炎症病变,缺乏对患者骨密度的改变及相关危险因素与AS病情的相关性研究,忽略对患者骨量减少以及脊柱骨折发生的必要干预,AS患者发生脊柱骨折的确切病因和机制目前尚不清楚。
在单因素分析中,病例组和对照组患者在年龄、跌落创伤史、指-地距离、Schober指数方面有差异。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,性别、跌落创伤史、ESR、病程、Schober指数、LS-BMD T-score及FN-BMD T-score进入模型,提示随着年龄的增长,骨质的流失以及病情的进展,病程越长,AS患者更易发生脊柱骨折,且男性患者为高危人群。
部分研究认为,椎体骨质疏松、骨质脆性增加可能是AS发生脊柱骨折的原因之一[13-14],但也有研究报道,BMD水平与脊柱骨折之间没有相关性[15]。van der Weijden等[16]研究报道,AS患者常发生骨质疏松现象;Arends等[17]研究认为,骨质疏松继发于脊柱强直,可能与长期限制运动、骨萎缩有关;Westerveld等[18]认为,骨质疏松是该病变本身病理变化的一个方面,并非单纯因强直后制动造成;路平等[19]认为,其可能与炎症及细胞毒素有关。本研究发现,LS-BMD T-score及FN-BMD T-score值高为AS患者发生脊柱骨折的保护因素,这一点与部分研究相符[20-22],提示,如果能有效改善体内骨代谢情况,及时治疗骨量减少和骨质疏松的情况,有可能可以预防AS患者脊柱骨折的发生,其机制及确证需要进一步探究。
另外,有无跌落创伤史为一个关键的危险因素,表明AS患者在确保自身活动不受限制的同时,也必须注意活动度以及自我保护,因为在病情进展过程中,若骨质疏松严重时,很有可能发生病理性骨折,即使轻微的碰撞、跌落或者其他创伤也可引起严重的骨折。Chaudhary等[23]研究报道,脊柱骨折以颈椎最常出现,病死率也最高。所以患者在活动中,应该特别注意颈部的保护。然而,本研究也发现,若患者在活动后或者碰撞后出现颈椎背部疼痛或肢体麻木等症状,应注意确认是否为脊柱骨折。另外有跌落创伤史并非是绝大多数或者普遍骨折患者出现骨折的诱因,有时骨折的发生可无外力或受轻微外力,由于没有明显的创伤史,易被原发病症状掩盖,所以极易发生漏诊、误诊,值得临床医生关注。
综上所述,在随访、治疗AS患者时,应该特别注意高龄、男性、有跌落创伤史、ESR快、病程长、Schober指数低,LS-BMD T-score及FN-BMD T-score值低、指-地距离高的患者,提前做好预防,及时控制病情,改善体内骨代谢情况,治疗骨量减少和骨质疏松的情况,减少脊柱骨折的发生,降低AS患者病死率和致残率。
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(本文编辑:贾萌萌)
Risk Factors for Spinal Fracture in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis:A Case-control Study
FUGuo-liang,MENGZhi-bin,LIJun,etal.
DepartmentofSpinalSurgery,theAffiliatedHospitalofHainanMedicalCollege,Haikou570102,China
Objective To analyze the clinical data of AS patients and investigate the risk factors for their spinal fracture.Methods In this case-control study,we enrolled 134 AS patients who received treatment in the Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College from January 2009 to December 2013.We assigned 25 patients with spinal fracture into the case group and 109 patients without spinal fracture into control group.Finger-earth distance,Schober index and BASRI score were measured;CRP and ESR levels were tested;bone mineral density(BMD) T-scores of whole body and some segments were measured,mainly including systemic BMD T-score,LS BMD T-score and FN BMD T-score.Results The two groups were not significantly different (P>0.05)in gender,BMI,disease course,BASRI score,CRP,ESR,systemic BMD T-score,LS BMD T-score and FN BMD T-score.The two groups were significant different(P<0.05)in age,history of tumbling trauma,finger-earth distance and Schober index.The multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that gender,history of tumbling trauma,disease course,Schober index,ESR,LS-BMD T-score and FN-BMD T-score were influencing factors for spinal fracture in AS patients(P<0.05).Conclusion Male,history of tumbling trauma,high ESR,long disease course,low Schober index,low LS-BMD T-score,low FN-BMD T-score and high finger-earth distance are associated with more possibility of spinal fracture in AS patients.In these cases,precaution should be made in advance and the disease should be controlled in time,in order to improve bone metabolism and reduce osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Spondylitis,ankylosing;Spinal fracture;Risk factors
570102海南省海口市,海南医学院附属医院脊柱骨病外科(符国良,孟志斌,李俊);海南省农垦总医院康复科(吉貞料)
符国良,孟志斌,李俊,等.强直性脊柱炎患者发生脊柱骨折危险因素的病例对照研究[J].中国全科医学,2015,18(23):2779-2782.[www.chinagp.net]
R 593.23
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.23.008
2014-12-05;
2015-05-20)
Fu GL,Meng ZB,Li J,et al.Risk factors for spinal fracture in patients with ankylosing spondylitis:a case-control study[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(23):2779-2782.