刘相德
美国内布拉斯加大学医学中心呼吸与重症病科,美国内布拉斯加州奥马哈市 68198-5910
体外生命支持(extracorporeal life support,ECLS)是指应用机器体外短暂替代心脏或肺功能的治疗。ECLS与心脏手术过程中使用的体外循环机器不同。1953年,第一台体外心肺机用于心脏手术;而1972年,第一台成功体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)机用于治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭。临床上,尽管广义上讲ECMO是ECLS的一部分(前者主要用于体外氧合作用),ECLS与ECMO常常相提并论。自2009—2010年ECMO成功用于H1N1流感爆发引起的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distresssyndrome,ARDS)以来,ECMO临床应用得到了广泛的关注和应用。但是,由于ECMO是一种复杂、高危险性、昂贵的治疗方法,目前尚仅限于具有一定经验的专职医师在具备一定条件和设施的医疗中心运用。尽管ECMO主要用于成人急性呼吸衰竭(acute respiratory failure,ARF),但尚缺乏规范的临床应用指南。本文将根据世界各国ECMO经验和回顾性病例总结报道[1],就目前ECMO的应用适应证和并发症等作一介绍。
ECMO主要有两种体外循环建立方式:静脉与动脉(venoarterial,VA)和静脉与静脉(venovenous,VV)。其他几种连接方式,都是从这两种演变而来。
VA-ECMO:通过股静脉或颈内静脉插管,或者开胸状态下直接从右心房,将血液引出;经过体外膜肺氧合与去除CO2后,再泵回股动脉或锁骨下动脉(闭胸时)或直接进入主动脉(开胸时)。
VV-ECMO:通过股静脉或右侧颈内静脉插管,从腔静脉引出血液;经过体外膜肺氧合后再通过股静脉或右侧颈内静脉回输到腔静脉。这种连接可以部分或完全替代肺的功能。
体外二氧化碳清除(extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal,ECCO2R):这是以清除CO2为主要目的而氧合为次要目的的治疗。可以做VV或AV连接,而且插管的部位因人而异。ECCO2R将来一旦被证实有效,可常规用于ICU,如同血液透析用于肾衰竭。
早期ECMO用于严重的呼吸衰竭或ECCO2R治疗严重ARDS的结果表明,ECLS对于ARF的治疗与传统的机械通气治疗比较,无任何益处。但是,近年来,随着体外循环建立方法以及氧合机制作方法等方面的明显改进,重新对ECMO的应用引起了关注[2-5]。20世纪90年代以后,英、美、法、德等国的数家医疗机构报道,应用ECMO治疗严重呼吸衰竭患者存活率达 52% ~75%[6-10]。尤其是H1N1流行期间,很多病毒性肺炎和ARDS的年轻患者使用了ECMO治疗ARF,取得了理想的效果,从而促进了ECMO在ARF中的进一步推广和应用[11-15]。澳大利亚和新西兰报道,68例怀疑或确诊H1N1引起的ARDS患者应用ECMO治疗的结果,存活率达79%[16]。英国的临床研究结果发现,接受ECMO治疗的H1N1患者的死亡率降低了一半[17]。然而,法国和美国的临床研究结果表明,ECMO对重症呼吸衰竭救治成功率与未用ECMO组比较,无明显差异[18-19]。因此,ECMO在 ARF中的应用效果,尚需大样本临床随机对照研究来证实。在法国目前正在进行这一临床实验,称为“ECMO治疗严重的ARF实验”(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory failure,EOLIA),注册号NCT01470703(http://clinicaltrials.gov)。
ECMO益处是可以减轻或避免由呼气末正压通气引起的肺损伤,因而是治疗ARDS所致ARF的有效的体外生命支持疗法。
ECMO可用于低氧性呼吸衰竭、高碳酸性呼吸衰竭、大面积气漏综合征(massive air-leak syndromes)以及等待做肺移植术的患者。体外生命支持组织(extracorporeal life support organization,ELSO)统计结果表明,到2014年1月为止,呼吸衰竭是应用ECMO的最常见指征,共5 000例,其次是心脏病,共4 000例(见 http://elsonet.org)。
ECMO可用于由如下肺部疾病引起的ARF或肺功能不全的疾病:严重的ARDS或持续性哮喘,肺移植前等待供体过程中(bridge to lung transplantation),肺移植后初期移植肺功能不全期(post-lung transplantation primary graft dysfunction),广泛的肺泡内出血,肺动脉高压危症,肺栓塞,严重的支气管胸膜漏,以及其他原因造成的ARF。
由于肺移植前应用机械通气的患者存活率低,ECLS在肺移植前的应用越发受到重视[20-22]。自1987—2008年“器官分享联合网”(United Network for Organ Sharing Registry)数据分析结果表明,肺移植前需要用ECMO的患者(n=51),其再次肺移植(re-transplantation)发生率高于术前不需要做ECMO的患者[23]。肺移植术前用过ECMO的患者的1年生存率是 62% ~75%[24-25]。近年来报道,“清醒ECMO”(awake ECMO)用于等待肺移植的患者效果较好,因为避免了气管插管及其不良反应[26-30]。Fuehner等[27]通过病例回顾性研究发现,肺移植前接受“清醒ECMO”的患者术后6个月存活率高于术前接受过损伤性通气(invasive ventilation)治疗的患者(80%:50%,P=0.02)。
肺移植前需要何种ECLS取决于患者的原发病种。如果患者是严重的右心衰和(或)血液循环障碍,需要做VA-ECMO;如果是阻塞性或限制性呼吸功能障碍,则需要用VV-ECMO或ECCO2R。
此外,VV-ECMO和VA-ECMO还可用于肺移植后“初期移植器官功能异常(primary graft dysfunction,PGD)的患者。PGD是指肺移植后早期发生的急性肺损伤和ARF。肺移植后如果氧合指数[(气道内平均压×FiO2/PaO2)≥30]即预示并发严重的PGD,并需要用ECMO[31-33]。研究发现,以氧合指数为指标,如果早期应用ECMO,与晚期用相比,可明显提高患者存活率(80% :15% ,P=0.02)[31]。
据报道,52例脓毒血症性休克(septic shock)患者用VA-ECMO治疗存活率仅为15%[34];而在14例顽固性脓毒血症性休克伴有急性左心功能不全者应用 VA-ECMO后,其存活率达 71%[35]。因此,ECMO在脓毒血症患者应用尚有分歧。对于创伤患者,ECLS要慎重使用,因为此类患者应用ECLS后容易发生抗凝血与消耗性凝血异常。
ECLS没有绝对的禁忌证,具体要因人而异。患有脑出血或其他抗凝血治疗禁忌证的患者应考虑是高危险的患者。ECLS可能并发各种并发症,包括出血(41%)、血栓、感染(31%)、肢体远端缺血(17%)、神经系统并发症(13%)、中风(6%)以及下肢截肢(5%)等[36-37]。
除了与患者原发病有关的并发症外,膜肺氧合机器本身工作异常也可引起治疗失败。过去20年的观察发现,循环管道破裂(2%)和凝血块堵塞(20%)等是常见原因[38]。来自法国的另一报道,顽固性心源性休克患者接受VA-ECMO治疗后,患者的身体和社会交际能力较对照组差,但是比ARDS或其他慢性病患者的生活质量好[37]。接受ECMO治疗后随访0.5~12年结果发现,52%患有神经认知功能异常(neurocognitive function)以及神经放射影像方面的异常(neuroradiologic abnormalities),尤其是应用VA-ECMO治疗过的患者,其发病率高达75%[39]。在87例因心脏病接受ECLS的患者中,50%的患者并发神经系统损伤,并且尸检发现10例中9例有颅内局部出血或低氧性缺血性损伤(hypoxic ischemic injury)[40-41]。
关于ECLS远期存活率尚无完整的研究报道。有报道表明,严重ARDS患者用ECMO治疗后6个月生存率约60%,尽管ECMO治疗后患者体力和情绪状态稍差于对照组[42]。
以传统的机械通气治疗效果不佳的重症患者应用ECLS治疗的情况逐渐增多。膜肺氧合机器生产技术的改进和2009—2010年H1N1引起的ARF患者应用ECMO治疗的成功经验推动了ECMO在ARF中的应用和临床研究。但是,ECMO在临床应用尚有许多丞待解决的问题,比如患者选择、建立何种体外循环连接方式、远期疗效、专职医护人员培训以及昂贵的机器和服务收费等。
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