记住“转换”“概括”词，巧解“任务阅读”题

任务型阅读题型主要是测试我们学生在阅读理解能力的基础上，侧重考查单词拼写、词性转换、句式转换、段落归纳等综合能力。

对我们考生而言，首先要知晓出题人对我们的要求，即：1. 首先，阅读短文，对文章整体把握，领略大意。把握文章的结构和层次，弄清局部和整体的关系。在对文章局部透彻理解的基础上，提取有用信息。2. 其次，看懂图表，要迅速把握图表的结构分布层次，弄清命题人的出题角度，哪个空是考查细节，哪个空考查结论，哪个空考转换等要求。3. 最后要求我们对文章进行分析、概括、推断。图表试题中的信息，有的可以直接从原文中提取到，有的则需要对原文信息进行再加工处理，得到与原文相一致的文外词汇。另外，正确书写很重要，这需要我们具有一定的词汇储备，而且能够认识句子结构和句子成分，根据句子结构和成分来判断所填词的词性。当然，我们也应该具有构词法的知识。例如，词性转换，形容词、副词的比较级、最高级，名词的复数形式等。此外，还要具备提炼出文章主旨或者重要信息的能力，也就是在语篇结构解读基础上的信息转换能力。

那么，我们怎样才能快速地做好这种阅读题呢？

首先，浏览图表。将板块划分为标题块、结论块、主题块、细节块。标题块和结论块里的空放在最后做，然后按主题块次序先做细节空，再做主题空。接着，快速略读全文，把主题块和相应的段落对应起来。最后，依据图表任务中第一主题块对应的细节中的空，带上任务精读相应的段落的细节，提取信息，填空完成试题。然后完成主题块，最后完成标题块。

其实，具体解题形式不外乎三种，即信息查找，词形转换和归纳总结等。

信息查找就是在文中直接找到原词，这要求我们能快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空，该词不作任何变化，就连大小写也不需要变化。词形、词义或词组等转换就不一样，它要求我们根据句意和文意在知识重组基础上，运用多种表达方式替换文中信息，突显对遣词造句能力的考查。比如，考查学生用意义相同或相反的词完成句子或用某词的变化形式进行填空的能力。同时，在限定一空一词的要求下，更需要我们有逆向思维的能力。这种类型的题目一般不能直接在文章中找到题目给出的句子，需要在捕捉到相关信息之后，将捕捉到的信息进行加工转换。而信息综合题是归纳或概括的综合题。要求我们能够准确无误地概括出文章的主题或对某些内容进行概括，这是考查我们学生概括与推断的能力，归纳、抽象并提炼出文章主旨或者重要信息的能力，也就是在语篇结构解读基础上的信息转换能力。

事实上，对于此题型要想拿高分，我们还必须做到：1. 注重平时词汇记忆，熟练掌握考纲词汇中常用词汇的词性转化。2. 了解文章的结构，把握全篇的篇章大意，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。3. 加强限时阅读训练，尤其是词数在400～550之间的较长篇幅的阅读训练。4. 系统训练，循序渐进，最终达到相应的解题能力要求。

为提高准确率，完成题目后考生还需注意以下几点：1. 根据图表所给提示格式保持所填词性一致性（以名词、动词、非谓语或完整句子等不同形式归纳）;2. 兼顾到意思和搭配的双重准确性;3. 所填单词是否特殊变形;4. 大小写是否规范等;另外，记住下列常用转换形式或概括总结的一些词或重要句型，也肯定能提高任务阅读的得分。

A） 词类

原因和结果：reason （for）， result， cause （of）， effect， consequence

异同点与优缺点：difference， similarity， advantage / benefit， disadvantage

观点与态度：opinion， view （on / about）， viewpoint， idea， attitude to / towards

表方式、方法：means， way， method （of）， solution， approach （to doing sth.）， take measures to do sth.

目的：purpose， aim， goal

积极和消极：positive， negative， optimistic

建议：advice [u]， suggestion， tip

概括、总结： summary， conclusion

特点：feature， characteristic

种类：kind， type， category， class

精神上与身体上：mentally， physically

影响：influence， impact， effect （on）

情形，状况：situation， condition

建立：build， create， establish， found

出现：appear， occur （red）

实现，完成：reach， realize， accomplish

必要，必需：must / necessity

方面，项目条款：item / aspect

材料：materials

知识信息：knowledge / information

日程，计划：schedule / agenda

百分比：percentage

满意：satisfaction

重要：value， importance

比较：contrast， comparison

B） 转换类常用句型或短语：

1. 100 years = 1 century = 10 decades

2. take advantage of = make use of

3. consider... = take... into consideration / account

4. at the beginning = at first

5. be responsible for = take / shoulder / bear responsibility for

6. be hooked on headphones = be addicted to headphones

7. valuable information = information of great value

8. understand clearly = have a clear understanding of sth.

9. affect = have an effect / influence / impact on sth.

10. matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference

11. make an apology = apologize to sb.

12. despite = in spite of

13. share less than 2% = account for less than 2%= make up less than 2%

14. learn good citizenship = learn to be good citizens

15. list the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good at

16. offer sth. to sb. = provide / supply sth. for sb.

17. besides = on top of = in addition to = apart from

18. be better than = be superior to

19. approve of = subscribe to = be in favor / support of = favor sth.

20. have access to = be acceptable / accessible / available to

21. stop = quit = give up

22. compensate for = make up for

23. in part = partly

24. every year = yearly = annually

25. use up = run out of （主动）

26. run out = give out = be used up （被动）

27. be accused of = be charged with

28. most of the people = the majority of the people

29. cater to / for ones needs / demands / requirements = satisfy / meet ones...

30. starve to death = die of hunger / starvation

31. be tired out = be worn out = be exhausted = be weary

32. socially responsible = social responsibility

33. sth. benefit sb. = be beneficial to sb. = be of benefit to sb. = sb. benefit from sth.

34. commit oneself to doing sth. = promise to do sth.

35. make full use of = make the most of

实战演练

请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。

How to Make the Most of Your Time

Time management is important in our daily life. There never seems to be enough hours in the day to accomplish all you need to do. Here are some tips that might be of some help to you.

1. Set up a plan. Go for a week at a time， and decide the most important ones. Include things you want to accomplish. Focus mostly on the things that are important to you.

2. Control your stress. No matter what kind of pressure mounts on you， try to keep cool. Stressing out can lead to an early breakdown， which is definitely counterproductive when you have a list of things to

do. Its easier to take a 10minute break and cool off than to work all week with stress.

3. Shut your door. When working under a schedule， perform your important tasks with your door shut to get them done. This will ensure a better quality time to get what needs to be done.

4. Focus on one thing at a time. Forget trying to multitask！ You will lose concentration， and it will take you longer to accomplish what you set out to do.

5. Just say “no”. If you are constantly interrupted， and you really dont have the time to help out， just say “no”. Youre only one person， and you cant save the world by yourself！

6. Stop wasting time on the phone. While talking on the phone， keep your conversations short， and to the point and youll waste much less time.

7. Be realistic. You can only do what you can do. Dont set out to accomplish the impossible. Do your best， but keep realistic expectations of yourself.

8. Relax. The most important thing is to remember to take time to relax， and regroup. You need a break every now and then to keep working efficiently. Even if its a 10minute walk， get away from your list and get refreshed.

As families today get busier and busier， its important to your own mental health to keep things on track. Dont delay; Get your life in order now.

ThemeHow to Make the Most of Your Time

There is

some

（1）

on how to

make full

use of time

First of all， make a plan for the things you are （2）    to do.

However much pressure you bear， you should try to keep cool; otherwise you will （3）    down sooner or later.

Youd better be （4）    to your tasks with your door closed in order that you can get them done （5）   .

Try one thing at a time so that you can

（6）    on it.

You can refuse to help others without

enough time in order that you can （7）   being interrupted.

Make a brief talk on the phone so as not to （8）    valuable time.

You should not （9）    too much of yourself; its better to do what you can do.

Its important for you to make yourself （10）    in daily life.

[参考答案]

1. advice 2. supposed 3. break

4. devoted / dedicated 5. efficiently

6. concentrate / focus 7. avoid 8. waste

9. expect 10. relaxed

（作者：康传桂，海安县李堡中学）