瑞替普酶溶栓后早期行PCI治疗STEMI临床观察

2015-01-20 02:27陈华山等
心脑血管病防治 2014年6期

陈华山等

[关键词]ST段抬高性心肌梗死;瑞替普酶;直接PCI;易化PCI

中图分类号:R542.2文献标识码:B文章编号:1009_816X(2014)06_0510_03

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009_816x.2014.06.24直接经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)是ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者首选的再灌注策略[1]。然而我国大多数患者未能在发病90分钟内接受PCI手术。静脉溶栓仍是ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的治疗选择。为了充分发挥两种疗法的优势并避免其不足,近3年来我们在AMI发生后立即给予全剂量瑞替普酶溶栓并尽快早期PCI以便更快更完全地开通梗死相关动脉(IRA)。此方法既能弥补静脉溶栓开通率低的不足,又能弥补直接PCI再灌注时间延迟的缺陷[2]。本文回顾性分析全剂量瑞替普酶溶栓后早期PCI术与直接PCI术的有效性和安全性,探讨治疗ST段抬高性心肌梗死的新策略。

1资料与方法

1.1一般资料:选取我院心内科2010年10月至2013年10月经临床确诊为初发的STEMI患者50例,男41例,女9例,年龄40~75岁,平均(59.40±7.90)岁。入选标准:(1)胸痛持续>30min,心电图ST段在相邻两个或以上肢体导联抬高>0.1mV或相邻两个或以上胸导联抬高>0.2mV;(2)发病时间在6小时以内;(3)无溶栓禁忌证及心源性休克。患者入院后根据当时实际情况分为易化PCI组(25例)和直接PCI组(25例),两组患者年龄、性别、吸烟史、高血压病、糖尿病史、发病至就诊时间等临床特征比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

1.2方法:所有患者入院后即进入CCU监护,立即记录18导联心电图,两组常规治疗相同。直接PCI组患者立即嚼服阿司匹林300mg及氯吡格雷300mg,皮下注射低分子肝素6000u,急入导管室行冠状功脉造影,对罪犯血管进行球囊扩张及支架置入术。易化PCI组患者在入院后立即嚼服阿司匹林及氯吡格雷各300mg,皮下注射低分子肝素6000u,静脉注射瑞替普酶18mg(10MU),连续两次,每次缓慢静脉注射2分钟以上,两次间隔为30分钟,总量36mg(20MU),两次静脉注射给药期间以生理盐水维持管路通畅。如果90分钟内间接溶栓指标提示溶栓失败立即采取补救性PCI,对于提示溶栓成功的,在溶栓后3~24小时内进行冠状动脉造影,对适合干预的罪犯血管者则行介入手术,手术成功标准为罪犯血管残余狭窄≤30%和TIMI血流2~3级。两组选用冠状动脉支架均为生物可降解雷帕霉素洗脱支架(山东吉威医疗制品有限公司)。术后常规应用低分子肝素皮下注射1周,长期口服阿司匹林100mg/晚,氯吡格雷(75mg/日)1~12个月;若无禁忌,常规给予血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、β受体阻滞剂、他汀类等药物治疗。观察指标:比较两组介入前后TIMI血流情况,比较两组基线情况及术后30天时左心室功能,并观察两组术后30天内出现死亡、脑卒中、再梗死、再发心肌缺血复合终点及出血事件。

1.3统计学处理:所有数据均采用SPSS19.0版软件包进行统计学处理,符合正态分布的计量资料用(x-±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,计数资料用百分比表示,采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2.4随访结果:30天内随访结果显示:易化PCI组25例中发生主要心脏不良事件(MACE)4例(3例出现心力衰竭,1例出现心力衰竭并Ⅰ度房室传导阻滞,无支架内血栓形成事件,无心源性死亡);2例术后发生出血事件,1例患者痰中带血丝,1例牙龈出血。直接PCI治疗组25例中发生MACE 5例(3例出现心力衰竭,无心律失常,无支架内血栓形成事件,无心源性死亡);3例术后发生出血事件,大出血1例患者因PCI术前有胃炎病史,停用氯吡格雷,2例牙龈出血。两组均无脑梗死、脑出血事件。两组MACE及出血事件发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

3讨论直接PCI作为STEMI治疗的最佳策略已经无可争议,但大多数AMI患者未能在发病90分钟内接受PCI手术。本研究充分利用“就诊—球囊扩张”时间的空白,使用药物早期再灌注为PCI再灌注争取时间,最终获得最高的IRA开通率,挽救更多的存活心肌。影响AMI预后的主要因素是再灌注的速度和程度,PCI联合药物溶栓抗栓理论上可获得更充分和更迅速再灌注,但却因出血等并发症而受到质疑。本文通过与直接PCI的对比来评价全剂量瑞替普酶溶栓后早期PCI的有效性、安全性。本文结果显示术后30天随访期内,两组的主要终点事件,如死亡、再梗死、脑卒中、再次缺血事件等并无差异,提示溶栓后早期PCI在疗效上不差于直接PCI,并且在出血并发症上,两组也没有显著差异。此结果和相关研究CARESS[3],TRANSFR_AMI[4],以及NORDISTEMI[5]一致,提示溶栓后早期(3~24小时)行PCI更有效、更安全。但早年ASSENT_4[6]试验因担心出血未进行抗凝,且溶栓时未应用氯吡格雷致使再梗死率、死亡率提高。早期易化PCI试验时PCI技术不成熟,荟萃分析的试验大多发生于支架时代之前,而近年来随着器械、药物等迅速发展,溶栓后PCI成功率大大提高且相对安全。本文与以往易化PCI不一样,选用的溶栓剂是目前最有效的溶栓药物重组人组织型纤溶酶原激酶衍生物(瑞替普酶),而且为全剂量溶栓。该药具有溶栓作用强,溶栓速度快,再通率高,出血发生率低等优点。本文易化PCI组明显缩短了患者入院至梗塞血管开通时间,减少心肌梗死面积。溶栓后靶血管径路清晰,钢丝容易通过,减少PCI术中严重并发症,增加了PCI手术安全和成功性。综上所述,当直接PCI不具备条件时,溶栓治疗后在3~24小时内进行血管造影,并根据血管造影情况决定下一步处理,可能降低复合事件发生率,且并不增加大出血和死亡风险,是目前临床值得进一步探讨的治疗策略[7]。木研究为回顾性研究,样本量小,有关易化PCI的科学性、实用性等问题,期待进一步的随机对照试验的证实。endprint

参考文献

[1]Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST_elevation myocardial infarction[J]. Circulation,2004,110(9):282-293.

[2]Gibson CM. A union in reperfusion: the concept of facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2000,36(5):1497-1509.

[3]Di Mario C, Dudek D, Piscione F, et al. Immediate angioplasty versus standard therapy with rescue angioplasty after thrombolysis in the Combined Abciximab REteplase Stent Study in Acute Myocardial Infarction (CARESS_in_AMI): an open, prospective, randomised, multicentre trial[J]. Lancet,2008,371(9612):559-668.

[4]Cantor WJ, Fitchett D, Borgundvaag B, et al. Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction[J]. N Engl J Med,2009,360(26):2705-2718.

[5]Ellen Bhmer, Pavel Hoffmann, Michael Abdelnoor, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Immediate Angioplasty Versus Ischemia_Guided Management After Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction in Areas with Very Long Transfer Distances. Results of the NORDISTEMI (NORwegian study on DIstrict treatment of ST_Elevation Myocardial Infarction[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,55(2):102-110.

[6]Assessment of the Safety ana Eficacy of a New Treatment Strategy with Percutaneous Coronary. Intervention(ASSENT_4 PCI)investi_gatom. Primary versus teneeteplase_facilitated pereutaneous coro_nary intervention in patients with ST_segment elevation acute myocardial infarction(ASSENT_4 PCI):randomised trial[J]. Lancet,2006,367(9510):569-578.

[7]中华医学会心血管病学分会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2010,38(8):675-690.

(收稿日期:2013_11_20)endprint

参考文献

[1]Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST_elevation myocardial infarction[J]. Circulation,2004,110(9):282-293.

[2]Gibson CM. A union in reperfusion: the concept of facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2000,36(5):1497-1509.

[3]Di Mario C, Dudek D, Piscione F, et al. Immediate angioplasty versus standard therapy with rescue angioplasty after thrombolysis in the Combined Abciximab REteplase Stent Study in Acute Myocardial Infarction (CARESS_in_AMI): an open, prospective, randomised, multicentre trial[J]. Lancet,2008,371(9612):559-668.

[4]Cantor WJ, Fitchett D, Borgundvaag B, et al. Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction[J]. N Engl J Med,2009,360(26):2705-2718.

[5]Ellen Bhmer, Pavel Hoffmann, Michael Abdelnoor, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Immediate Angioplasty Versus Ischemia_Guided Management After Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction in Areas with Very Long Transfer Distances. Results of the NORDISTEMI (NORwegian study on DIstrict treatment of ST_Elevation Myocardial Infarction[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,55(2):102-110.

[6]Assessment of the Safety ana Eficacy of a New Treatment Strategy with Percutaneous Coronary. Intervention(ASSENT_4 PCI)investi_gatom. Primary versus teneeteplase_facilitated pereutaneous coro_nary intervention in patients with ST_segment elevation acute myocardial infarction(ASSENT_4 PCI):randomised trial[J]. Lancet,2006,367(9510):569-578.

[7]中华医学会心血管病学分会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2010,38(8):675-690.

(收稿日期:2013_11_20)endprint

参考文献

[1]Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST_elevation myocardial infarction[J]. Circulation,2004,110(9):282-293.

[2]Gibson CM. A union in reperfusion: the concept of facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2000,36(5):1497-1509.

[3]Di Mario C, Dudek D, Piscione F, et al. Immediate angioplasty versus standard therapy with rescue angioplasty after thrombolysis in the Combined Abciximab REteplase Stent Study in Acute Myocardial Infarction (CARESS_in_AMI): an open, prospective, randomised, multicentre trial[J]. Lancet,2008,371(9612):559-668.

[4]Cantor WJ, Fitchett D, Borgundvaag B, et al. Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction[J]. N Engl J Med,2009,360(26):2705-2718.

[5]Ellen Bhmer, Pavel Hoffmann, Michael Abdelnoor, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Immediate Angioplasty Versus Ischemia_Guided Management After Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction in Areas with Very Long Transfer Distances. Results of the NORDISTEMI (NORwegian study on DIstrict treatment of ST_Elevation Myocardial Infarction[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,55(2):102-110.

[6]Assessment of the Safety ana Eficacy of a New Treatment Strategy with Percutaneous Coronary. Intervention(ASSENT_4 PCI)investi_gatom. Primary versus teneeteplase_facilitated pereutaneous coro_nary intervention in patients with ST_segment elevation acute myocardial infarction(ASSENT_4 PCI):randomised trial[J]. Lancet,2006,367(9510):569-578.

[7]中华医学会心血管病学分会.急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断和治疗指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2010,38(8):675-690.

(收稿日期:2013_11_20)endprint