冬虫夏草通过抗氧化及抗衰老减轻糖尿病肾病大鼠肾小管损伤的研究

2014-09-24 01:49黄可谢淑华安宁等
中国医学创新 2014年22期
关键词:冬虫夏草糖尿病肾病氧化应激

黄可 谢淑华 安宁等

【摘要】 目的:观察冬虫夏草对糖尿病(DM)大鼠肾小管损伤的影响,基于抗氧化及抗衰老探讨冬虫夏草延缓糖尿病肾病进展的作用机制。方法:链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠模型,与非DN大鼠一起随机分为四组:对照组、冬虫夏草组、DN组、DN+冬虫夏草组。饲养24周后检测肾脏GPx、SOD、MDA、ROS及Klotho mRNA蛋白表达水平,并检测血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、24 h尿白蛋白、尿白蛋白肌酐比(UACR)、肌酐清除率(Ccr)。结果:DN组大鼠肾功能明显降低,肾脏氧化应激水平增加,肾小管Klotho mRNA及蛋白表达下降。经冬虫夏草治疗后肾功能明显改善;ROS和MDA水平降低,SOD及GPx水平增加;肾小管Klotho表达上调。结论:冬虫夏草可延缓DN进展,其机制可能与其在肾小管间质发挥的抗氧化及抗衰老作用有关。

【关键词】 冬虫夏草; 糖尿病肾病; 氧化应激; Klotho

【Abstract】 Objective:To observe the effect of cordyceps on tubular injury in diabetic rats, and explore whether the reno-protective action has a close relationship with anti-oxidation and anti-aging.Method:The rats were induced into diabetes mellitus (DN) by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ).They were randomly divided into four groups:the namely control group,the cordyceps group,the DN group,the DN+cordyceps group.At the 24th weeks,the protein expression of Klotho mRNA level in tubule and levels of GPx,SOD,MDA,ROS in renal cortex were studied.Scr,BUN,urinary albumin,UACR and Ccr were also investigated.Result:Compared with the control group,renal function was decreased obviously in DN group.The Klotho protein and mRNA levels were also decreased,but renal oxidative stress was increased.However,cordyceps treatment could significantly improve the renal function,increase the SOD and GPx levels,the protein and mRNA expression of Klotho,but lower the MDA and ROS levels.Conclusion:Cordyceps sinensis can delay the progress of DN,its mechanism may be associated with renal tubular interstitial play a role of the antioxidant and anti-aging.

【Key words】 Cordyceps; Diabetic nephropathy; Oxidative stress; Klotho

First-authors address:Institute Nephropathy,Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College,Zhanjiang 524000,China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.22.005

大量研究表明,DN其实是典型的衰老相关性疾病,肾脏多种固有细胞的衰老和功能减退(对抗损伤的应激能力减弱)是DN各种病理损害加速进展的重要原因[1-2]。Klotho基因是近年来新发现的抗衰老基因,其在肾小管间质高表达,提示它在肾脏疾病的发生和发展过程中很可能发挥着重要的调控作用。冬虫夏草在肾脏疾病中的应用日益广泛,对肾衰竭、糖尿病肾病、慢性肾炎、马兜铃酸肾病等均可起到良好的肾保护作用[3-4]。本研究拟通过动物实验观察冬虫夏草对DN大鼠肾小管Klotho基因、氧化指标(MDA、ROS)及抗氧化指标(SOD、GPx)表达的干预情况,从而探讨冬虫夏草是否在DN状态下通过抗氧化及抗衰老对肾脏起到保护作用。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物 雄性SD大鼠40只,周龄5~7周,体重180~200 g,购自Damool Science。

1.2 实验药品 冬虫夏草粉,由杭州中美华东制药有限公司提供;链脲佐菌素,购于Sigma公司;SOD试剂盒、GPX试剂盒、MDA试剂盒购于Cayman Chemical公司;ROS试剂盒购于eBioscience公司;western-blotting检测试剂:兔抗Klotho抗体,购于Abcam公司;山羊抗兔IgG-HRP二抗,购于美国Santa Cruz公司;实时PCR检测试剂盒:TRIzol 试剂和RNase-free Dnase试剂盒购于Invitrogen公司。

1.3 造模方法与动物分组 SD大鼠给予溶解于柠檬酸盐缓冲液链脲佐菌素(60 mg/kg)一次性腹腔内注射建立糖尿病肾病大鼠模型,对照组给予相同计量的柠檬酸盐缓冲液一次性腹腔内注射。将确诊为DN的大鼠(血糖>300 mg/dL进入本实验)随机分为两组,非DN大鼠(对照)也随机分为两组,即:对照组,给予饮用水2 mL/只灌胃;冬虫夏草组,给冬虫夏草粉5 g/(kg·d)灌胃,灌胃前以饮用水2 mL配制成悬液制剂;DN模型组,DN大鼠予饮用水2 mL/只灌胃;DN+冬虫夏草组,DN大鼠予冬虫夏草粉5 g/kg/d灌胃;实验周期为24周。endprint

1.4 标本采集 实验第24周分别收集血液及24 h尿标本行尿蛋白、尿白蛋白肌酐比及肾功能检测,检查方法参照笔者已发表的文献[5]。分离肾皮质并根据试剂盒说明检测氧化及抗氧化指标,之后将右肾皮质组织以胶原酶消化及percoll密度梯度离心分离肾小管,用于western-blotting及RT-PCR检测,具体方法如文献[6]所述。

1.5 western-blotting检测 分离的肾小管组织以RIRA裂解液裂解及提取蛋白,BCA法检测蛋白浓度。样品转移到硝化纤维膜上,封闭1 h后,用Klotho一抗在4度过夜,加入酶标的山羊抗兔IgG-HRP二抗作用1 h,加入显影剂显色并用X光曝光。条带以Bandscan 4.0软件进行分析。

1.6 RT-PCR检测 用TRIzol试剂提取肾小管组织RNA,第一条cDNA通过RNA逆转录酶反转录获得。应用ABI Prism 7900HT系列扩增系统进行扩增。每个反应进行3次,平均值除以β-actin的数值后获得每个数值,以正常对照组为1进行比较。Klotho引物:5′-CGT GAA TGA GGC TCT GAA AGC-3′(forward)和5′-GAGCGGTCACTAAGCGAATACG-3′(reverse);β-actin引物:5CGTGAAAAGATGACCCAGATCA-3(forward)和5-TGGTACGACCAGAGGCATACAG-3(reverse)。

1.7 统计学处理 采用SPSS 16.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,组间比较采用单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA),以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 冬虫夏草对大鼠肾功能的影响 DN模型组大鼠与对照组相比,血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白、尿素氮、尿白蛋白肌酐比明显增高(P<0.001),肌酐清除率明显下降(P<0.01);冬虫夏草干预后24 h尿蛋白、尿素氮、尿白蛋白肌酐比、血肌酐均明显下降(P<0.05),肌酐清除率明显减少(P<0.05),见图1。

2.2 冬虫夏草对氧化应激及抗氧化应激指标的影响 DN模型组大鼠与对照组相比,肾组织ROS和MDA水平均明显增加(P<0.01),而SOD及GPx水平明显降低(P<0.05);冬虫夏草干预后ROS和MDA水平均明显降低(P<0.05),SOD及GPx水平均明显增加(P<0.05),见图2。

2.3 冬虫夏草对Klotho mRNA及蛋白表达水平的影响 DN模型组大鼠与对照组相比,肾组织Klotho mRNA和蛋白表达水平均降低(P<0.05);冬虫夏草干预后Klotho mRNA(P<0.05)及蛋白表达水平(P<0.01)均增加,见图3。

3 讨论

DN是糖尿病重要的微血管慢性并发症之一,也是导致终末期肾功能衰竭的主要原因。DN在全球范围内呈上升趋势。因此,对DN早发现早治疗,探寻有效地阻止DN进程的药物仍是肾病工作者的重要任务。有研究证实,氧化应激增强、活性氧簇(ROS)产生增多在DN的发生发展中发挥了重要作用[7]。近年大量研究表明,作为衰老相关性疾病DM的主要并发症之一,DN其实也是典型的衰老相关性疾病[1-2]。冬虫夏草是我国传统中药的瑰宝,具有良好的肾保护作用,但其很多的作用机制尚待进一步明确。有研究表明,冬虫夏草可通过降低DN动物模型肾脏中Ⅳ型胶原水平等抑制肾组织纤维化,减轻肾脏病理损伤,从而在早期DN治疗中发挥重要作用[8-10]。细胞衰老是器官功能乃至整个机体功能衰退的主要表现,肾脏细胞也不例外。有研究表明,冬虫夏草菌丝体能促进机体体液免疫功能、增强机体抵抗力以及改善机体功能,从而有助于延缓衰老[11]。

Klotho是新发现的与人类衰老密切相关的基因,主要表达于肾脏和大脑脉络膜中,尤以肾小管上皮细胞表达最为明显[12]。随着研究的深入,有研究表明,Klotho可以发挥很多生物学功能,如抗氧化、抗凋亡、抗衰老以及对抗组织纤维化作用[13-16]。动物实验证实,升高血浆中可溶性Klotho水平可逆转衰老的过程,并通过降低氧化应激反应发挥对心肾和其他组织的保护作用[13-16]。基于上述发现,本研究通过DM大鼠模型在长期喂食冬虫夏草后,观测其在肾小管间质作用。笔者发现,在冬虫夏草的干预下,DN大鼠肾功能较前有所改善。除此之外,ROS及MDA水平降低,SOD和GPx水平升高,提示冬虫夏草可通过拮抗氧化应激而发挥抗氧化作用,从而减轻肾小管损伤。与此同时,肾小管Klotho表达增加,提示冬虫夏草很可能通过上调衰老相关基因Klotho的表达,延缓肾小管的凋亡。由此,本研究提示,冬虫夏草可通过抗氧化及抗衰老减轻肾小管损伤,从而延缓DN进展。

参考文献

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[2] Tanaka Y,Kume S,Kitada M,et al.Autophagy as a therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy[J].Exp Diabetes Res,2012,1(2012):628-978.

[3]庄永泽,黎磊石.冬虫夏草防治氨基糖甙急性肾衰的分子生物学机理[J].中华肾脏病杂志,1996,12(5):300-304.

[4]周巧玲,刘抗寒,王衍慧,等.冬虫夏草对糖尿病肾病模型鼠肾组织转化生长闪子β1、结缔组织生长因子表达的影响[J].肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志,2006,15(5):443-446,468.endprint

[5] Liu W J,Xie S H,Liu Y N,et al.Dipeptidyl peptidase Ⅳ inhibitor attenuates kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2012,340(2):248-255.

[6] Curthoys N P,Taylor L,Hoffert J D,et al.Proteomic analysis of the adaptive response of rat renal proximal tubules to metabolic acidosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2007,292(1):F140-F147.

[7] Brownlee M.The pathobiology of diabetic complications:a nnifying mechanism[J].Diabetes,2005,54(6):1615-1625.

[8] Rodbell M.Metabolism of isolated fat cells.Effects of hormones on glucose metabolism and lipolysis[J].J Biol Chem,1964,239(12):375-380.

[9] Bukowiecki L J,Ge lone A,Collet A J.Proliferation and differentiation of brown Adipecytes from interstitial cells during cold acclimation[J].Am J Physiol,1986,250(6 Pt 1):C880-C887.

[10] Gimble J M,Katz A J,Bunnell B A.Adipose-Derived stem cells for regenerative medicine[J].Cite Res,2007,100(9):1249-1260.

[11]许维桢,李丽芬,石扣兰,等.冬虫夏草菌丝体对单氨氧化酶及免疫功能的影响[J].上海中医药杂志,1988,34(1):48.

[12]唐荣.Klotho基因在高血压肾损害肾小管上皮细胞凋亡中的作用及冬虫夏草对其的影响[D].长沙:中南大学,2009.

[13] Doi S,Zou Y,Togao O,et al.Klotho inhibits transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)signaling and suppresses renal fibrosis and cancer metastasis in mice[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(10):8655-8665.

[14] Mitobe M,Yoshida T,Sugiura H,et al.Oxidative stress decreases Klotho expression in a mouse kidne cell line[J].Nephron Exp Nephrol,2005,101(2):67-74.

[15] Wang Y,Kuro O M,Sun Z.Klotho gene delivery suppresses Nox2 expression and attenuates oxidative stress in rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the cAMP-PKA pathway[J].AgingCell,2012,11(3):410-417.

[16] Sugiura H,Yoshida T,Shiohira S,et al.Reduced Klotho expression level in kidney aggravates renal interstitial fibrosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2012,302(10):F1252-F1264.

(收稿日期:2014-05-29) (本文编辑:欧丽)endprint

[5] Liu W J,Xie S H,Liu Y N,et al.Dipeptidyl peptidase Ⅳ inhibitor attenuates kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2012,340(2):248-255.

[6] Curthoys N P,Taylor L,Hoffert J D,et al.Proteomic analysis of the adaptive response of rat renal proximal tubules to metabolic acidosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2007,292(1):F140-F147.

[7] Brownlee M.The pathobiology of diabetic complications:a nnifying mechanism[J].Diabetes,2005,54(6):1615-1625.

[8] Rodbell M.Metabolism of isolated fat cells.Effects of hormones on glucose metabolism and lipolysis[J].J Biol Chem,1964,239(12):375-380.

[9] Bukowiecki L J,Ge lone A,Collet A J.Proliferation and differentiation of brown Adipecytes from interstitial cells during cold acclimation[J].Am J Physiol,1986,250(6 Pt 1):C880-C887.

[10] Gimble J M,Katz A J,Bunnell B A.Adipose-Derived stem cells for regenerative medicine[J].Cite Res,2007,100(9):1249-1260.

[11]许维桢,李丽芬,石扣兰,等.冬虫夏草菌丝体对单氨氧化酶及免疫功能的影响[J].上海中医药杂志,1988,34(1):48.

[12]唐荣.Klotho基因在高血压肾损害肾小管上皮细胞凋亡中的作用及冬虫夏草对其的影响[D].长沙:中南大学,2009.

[13] Doi S,Zou Y,Togao O,et al.Klotho inhibits transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)signaling and suppresses renal fibrosis and cancer metastasis in mice[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(10):8655-8665.

[14] Mitobe M,Yoshida T,Sugiura H,et al.Oxidative stress decreases Klotho expression in a mouse kidne cell line[J].Nephron Exp Nephrol,2005,101(2):67-74.

[15] Wang Y,Kuro O M,Sun Z.Klotho gene delivery suppresses Nox2 expression and attenuates oxidative stress in rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the cAMP-PKA pathway[J].AgingCell,2012,11(3):410-417.

[16] Sugiura H,Yoshida T,Shiohira S,et al.Reduced Klotho expression level in kidney aggravates renal interstitial fibrosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2012,302(10):F1252-F1264.

(收稿日期:2014-05-29) (本文编辑:欧丽)endprint

[5] Liu W J,Xie S H,Liu Y N,et al.Dipeptidyl peptidase Ⅳ inhibitor attenuates kidney injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2012,340(2):248-255.

[6] Curthoys N P,Taylor L,Hoffert J D,et al.Proteomic analysis of the adaptive response of rat renal proximal tubules to metabolic acidosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2007,292(1):F140-F147.

[7] Brownlee M.The pathobiology of diabetic complications:a nnifying mechanism[J].Diabetes,2005,54(6):1615-1625.

[8] Rodbell M.Metabolism of isolated fat cells.Effects of hormones on glucose metabolism and lipolysis[J].J Biol Chem,1964,239(12):375-380.

[9] Bukowiecki L J,Ge lone A,Collet A J.Proliferation and differentiation of brown Adipecytes from interstitial cells during cold acclimation[J].Am J Physiol,1986,250(6 Pt 1):C880-C887.

[10] Gimble J M,Katz A J,Bunnell B A.Adipose-Derived stem cells for regenerative medicine[J].Cite Res,2007,100(9):1249-1260.

[11]许维桢,李丽芬,石扣兰,等.冬虫夏草菌丝体对单氨氧化酶及免疫功能的影响[J].上海中医药杂志,1988,34(1):48.

[12]唐荣.Klotho基因在高血压肾损害肾小管上皮细胞凋亡中的作用及冬虫夏草对其的影响[D].长沙:中南大学,2009.

[13] Doi S,Zou Y,Togao O,et al.Klotho inhibits transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)signaling and suppresses renal fibrosis and cancer metastasis in mice[J].J Biol Chem,2011,286(10):8655-8665.

[14] Mitobe M,Yoshida T,Sugiura H,et al.Oxidative stress decreases Klotho expression in a mouse kidne cell line[J].Nephron Exp Nephrol,2005,101(2):67-74.

[15] Wang Y,Kuro O M,Sun Z.Klotho gene delivery suppresses Nox2 expression and attenuates oxidative stress in rat aortic smooth muscle cells via the cAMP-PKA pathway[J].AgingCell,2012,11(3):410-417.

[16] Sugiura H,Yoshida T,Shiohira S,et al.Reduced Klotho expression level in kidney aggravates renal interstitial fibrosis[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2012,302(10):F1252-F1264.

(收稿日期:2014-05-29) (本文编辑:欧丽)endprint

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