王江栓 李变锋
【摘要】 目的:研究行为学观察和热辐射缩足反应潜伏期(PWTL)及机械缩足反应潜伏期(MWT)实验筛选建立脊神经选择性结扎(SNL)镜像痛大鼠模型。方法:选取100只成年雄性SD大鼠,将其随机分为SNL组90只和假手术组(Sham组)10只,于术前1 d和术后1、3、7、14、21、28 d进行行为学观察和双足PWTL及MWT实验检测。结果:两组术前行为学观察、PWTL及MWT值比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后SNL组手术足均出现添足、咬足等行为学现象,且PWTL值和MWT值术后1~28 d均明显低于Sham组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SNL组有14只大鼠为手术足,于术后7 d出现添足、咬足等行为学现象,术后14、21、28 d的MWT值均明显低于Sham组,且术后21、28 d的PWTL值均明显低于Sham组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:大鼠SNL镜像痛模型筛选和建立成功。
【关键词】 脊神经选择性结扎; 镜像痛; 模型
【Abstract】 Objective:To study choice and establishment of mirror-image pain model of selective spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats through the behavior observation,paw withdrawal thermal latency(PWTL) and mechanical withdrawal threshold(MWT) test.Method:100 adult male SD rats were randomly divided into the SNL group for 90 rats and the sham operation group(Sham group) for 10 rats.All rats were observed behaviors,detected PWTL and MWT at the 1 day before operation and the 1,3,7,14,21,28 day after operation.Result:There had no significant differences in behavioral observation,PWTL and MWT values between the two groups at the 1 day before operation(P>0.05).Post-operation,SNL groups operated-foot appeared hit feet,bite feet behavioral phenomenon,and the PWTL values and MWT values were significantly lower compared with Sham group at 1-28 d post-operation,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There were 14 rats of the SNL group appeared hit feet,bite feet behavioral phenomenon in 7 d post-operation at un-operation foot,appeared MWT values were significantly lower compared with Sham group at 14,21,28 d post-operation and PWTL values were significantly lower compared with Sham group at 21,28 d post-operation,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:The choice and establishment of mirror-image pain model of SNL rats are successful.
【Key words】 Spinal nerve selective ligation; Mirror-image pain; Model
First-authors address:Luohe Medical College,Luohe 462000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.18.010
镜像痛是指当躯体某一组织和部位发生损伤后,导致损伤侧和对侧相应部位均出现疼痛和痛敏现象[1]。临床上一些复杂的区域疼痛综合征及慢性病理性疼痛等均可出现镜像痛[2]。临床治疗效果不佳,动物实验研究较少。目前对镜像痛模型的研究多集中在对坐骨神经损伤后建立神经病理性疼痛模型的基础上筛选镜像痛模型,但在筛选方法、筛选标准、筛选成功率方面鲜见报道。本实验在建立坐骨神经选择性结扎(SNL)神经病理性疼痛模型基础上进行筛选以建立镜像痛模型,为镜像痛的机制研究提供实验依据,现报告如下。
1 材料与方法
1.1 实验动物分组 选取100只成年SD大鼠(漯河医学高等专科学校实验动物中心),雄性,体重250~300 g,将其随机分为SNL组90只和假手术组(Sham组)10只,两组大鼠的一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 制作方法
1.2.1 坐骨神经选择性结扎模型组(SNL组) SNL组90只,制作方法如下:以氯胺酮10 mg/kg和甲苯噻嗪100 mg/kg腹膜腔注射,大鼠麻醉后取俯卧位,后用聚维酮碘溶液消毒皮肤,于背部脊椎L3~S2节段作正中切口,分离右侧脊柱旁肌肉群,显露脊椎并咬断L4~L6椎骨横突,仔细分离并暴露的L4~L6脊神经,于近脊柱正中处用5-0丝线结扎L5、L6脊神经,并于结扎远端进行神经离断,后分层缝合切口。endprint
1.2.2 假手术组(Sham组) Sham组10只,仅右侧显露脊椎并咬断L4~L6椎骨横突,分离并暴露的L4~L6脊神经但不予结扎,其余方法同SNL组。
1.3 疼痛行为学及痛阈测定 用Von Frey纤毛测定大鼠的机械缩足反射阈值(mechanical withdrawal threshold,MWT)以评价大鼠机械痛敏,用热痛刺激仪测定大鼠热刺激缩足反射潜伏期(paw withdrawal thermal latency,PWTL)以评价大鼠热痛敏。每只大鼠均进行标号并在手术前1 d和术后1、3、7、14、21、28 d分别测定MWT、PWTL值,每次测量均先测定MWT,再测定PWTL,在测量前先观察其添足、咬足、曲足等行为且每次测量均在上午8:00~10:00之间进行。
1.3.1 MWT测定方法 采用von Frey丝测定双后肢机械痛阈,将大鼠置于金属笼中适应环境30 min,用不同压力纤维丝刺激足底2、3趾间皮肤,每根重复5次,每次间隔5 s,直至找到出现50%(10次)抬足反应的纤维丝,其压力值(出现大于5次以上是缩足反应),即为阈值,左右足轮流测试,每足测量5次,取平均值[3]。
1.3.2 PWTL测量方法 采用鼠爪热辐射刺激测痛仪[3]。先让大鼠处于自由活动状态,调整好刺激强度(r=72),将刺激装置放置在鼠爪下,按操作键,当鼠爪移动时系统自动记录大鼠反应时间,此时间即为大鼠足底PWTL,每足测量5次,时间间隔3~5 min,取平均值。
1.4 SNL镜像痛大鼠的筛选 实验结束后,对SNL组大鼠的实验记录进行分析,凡术后双足均出现行为学异常、PWTL值和MWT值降低的大鼠标记为SNL镜像痛组大鼠,其余为SNL非镜像痛组。
1.5 统计学处理 采用SPSS 13.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,比较采用t检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 行为学观察 SNL组与Sham组术前无特异性行为,两组大鼠术后均出现舔舐伤口行为,SNL组大鼠行坐骨神经选择性结扎术后7 d内手术侧出现添足、咬足、垂足、脚趾并拢、屈曲等行为;SNL组7 d内对侧足也出现上述行为的定义为SNL镜像痛组大鼠,共筛查出14只,其余为SNL非镜像痛大鼠,共76只,对侧足未出现上述行为。
2.2 各组大鼠PWTL和MWT值的比较 各组术前PWTL和MWT值比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后1~28 d,SNL镜像痛组和SNL非镜像痛组手术足PWTL和MWT值均明显低于Sham组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SNL镜像痛组对侧足MWT值于术后14、21、28 d均明显低于Sham组,且PWTL值于术后21、28 d均明显低于Sham组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而SNL非镜像痛组与Sham组的对侧足术后PWTL和MWT值比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1~2。
3 讨论
镜像痛在临床和动物实验中均较为普遍,表现为对侧肢体相应部位出现与患侧肢体相同的持续性疼痛、局限性疼痛、灼烧性痛、感觉异常、出汗等,如临床上复杂的区域疼痛综合征、截肢和中风后遗症等,加重患者负担,给患者带来极大痛苦[2]。
对于镜像痛的动物实验研究较早见于Zhang等[4]在2000年的单节段背根神经节慢性压迫实验中发现了镜像痛现象的报道。后关于镜像痛的报道陆续出现,Arguis等[5]发现在L5、L6脊神经结扎模型中,大鼠同侧和对侧后肢均出现机械刺激和冷刺激的痛觉异常。Schreiber等[6]在小鼠后足注射急性致炎物质角莱胶后,发现对侧后足出现了短暂延迟随后稳定持久的疼痛现象。
镜像痛模型的构建方面,周围神经损伤引起镜像痛的报道较多,如关节炎模型、癌症痛模型,但脊神经损伤模型最为多见,常见的脊神经损伤模型有坐骨神经慢性压迫模型(CCI)、脊神经选择性结扎模型(CNL)、脊神经选择性损伤模型(SNI)及脊神经背根神经节慢性压迫模型(CCD)等[7-12]。但在疼痛模型基础上如何筛选镜像痛模型的筛选方法、筛选标准、筛选成功率方面鲜见报道。
本实验在成功建立坐骨神经选择性结扎(SNL)神经病理性疼痛模型基础上,通过行为学观察和MWT及PWTL值进行筛选,以SNL组实验全程出现非手术侧足有上述特异性表现并与Sham组比较有统计学意义为依据建立SNL镜像痛模型。研究发现,SNL镜像痛模型组手术侧和非手术侧均出现添足、咬足等行为学现象和MWT及PWTL值降低,与Sham组相比机械刺激在术后14 d时出现明显差异(P<0.05),而热刺激在术后21 d时才出现明显差异(P<0.05),说明在SNL镜像痛模型中机械刺激较热刺激痛觉异常出现较早并发生了时间延迟。本实验使用90只成年雄性SD大鼠进行SNL造模,共获得14只SNL镜像痛大鼠模型,但由于样本数量较少,筛选成功率仅供研究者参考。
总之,本实验在成功建立大鼠SNL神经病理性疼痛模型的基础上通过行为学观察和MWT及PWTL值筛选镜像痛模型成功,为镜像痛的机制研究提供可靠的实验依据。
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(收稿日期:2014-03-20) (本文编辑:欧丽)endprint
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[8] Hu S,Mao-Ying Q L,Wang J,et al.Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxin alleviate bone cancer pain in association with suppressing expression of spinal proinflammatory cytokines[J].J Neuroinflammation,2012,26(9):278.
[9] Paulson P E,Casey K L,Morrow T J.Long-term changes in behavior and regional cerebral blood flow associated with painful peripheral mononeuropathy in the rat[J].Pain,2002,95(1):31-40.
[10] Arguis M J,Perez J,Martínez G,et al.Contralateral neuropathic pain following a surgical model of unilateral nerve injury in rats[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2008,33(3):211-216.
[11] Li D,Yang H,Meyerson B A,et al.Response to spinal cord stimulation in variants of the spared nerve injury pain model[J].Neurosci Lett,2006,400(1):115-120.
[12]谢雅彬,张天蔚,焦西英,等.多节段背根节慢性压迫大鼠机械触刺激诱发痛镜像痛的外周机制[J].神经解剖学杂志,2011,27(4):353-359.
(收稿日期:2014-03-20) (本文编辑:欧丽)endprint
[5] Arguis M J,Perez J,Martínez G,et al.Contralateral neuropathic pain following a surgical model of unilateral nerve injury in rats[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2008,33(3):211-216.
[6] Schreiber K L,Beitz A J,Wilcox G L.Activation of spinal microglia in a murine model of peripheral inflammation-induced,long-lasting contralateral allodynia[J].Neurosci Lett,2008,440(1):63-67.
[7] Huang D,Yu B.The mirror-image pain:an unclered phenomenon and its possible mechanism[J].Neurosci Biobehav Rev,2010,34(4):528-532.
[8] Hu S,Mao-Ying Q L,Wang J,et al.Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxin alleviate bone cancer pain in association with suppressing expression of spinal proinflammatory cytokines[J].J Neuroinflammation,2012,26(9):278.
[9] Paulson P E,Casey K L,Morrow T J.Long-term changes in behavior and regional cerebral blood flow associated with painful peripheral mononeuropathy in the rat[J].Pain,2002,95(1):31-40.
[10] Arguis M J,Perez J,Martínez G,et al.Contralateral neuropathic pain following a surgical model of unilateral nerve injury in rats[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2008,33(3):211-216.
[11] Li D,Yang H,Meyerson B A,et al.Response to spinal cord stimulation in variants of the spared nerve injury pain model[J].Neurosci Lett,2006,400(1):115-120.
[12]谢雅彬,张天蔚,焦西英,等.多节段背根节慢性压迫大鼠机械触刺激诱发痛镜像痛的外周机制[J].神经解剖学杂志,2011,27(4):353-359.
(收稿日期:2014-03-20) (本文编辑:欧丽)endprint