符 婉 田绍文游 咏
综述
Apelin-13生物功能研究进展
符 婉1田绍文2游 咏1
Apelin是由77个氨基酸构成的多肽,其受体为血管紧张素样G蛋白偶联受体(APJ)。Apelin/APJ系统在外周与中枢均有广泛分布;Apelin-13是Apelin亚型之一,具有较强的生物活性。本文综述了Apelin-13参与心血管系统、呼吸系统、神经系统、消化系统和内分泌系统等生理病理过程调节的研究新进展。
Apelin-13;心血管系统;呼吸系统;神经系统;内分泌系统
Tatemoto[1]于1998年首次从牛胃分泌物中提取出一种新的血管活性肽—Apelin。Apelin-血管紧张素样受体(Apelin-angiotensin receptor-like,APJ)是O’Dowd于1993年首次发现的孤儿G白偶联受体,Apelin是其内源性配体。Apelin/APJ系统在外周与中枢均有广泛分布。Apelin具有多个亚型:Apelin-12、Apelin-13、Apelin-17、Apelin-28和Apelin-36。Apelin-13作为Apelin亚型之一,具有较强的生物活性。[pGlu]Apelin-13是Apelin存在于心脏、大脑、下丘脑中的主要亚型,且具有多种生物学功能。本文综述了Apelin-13参与心血管系统、呼吸系统、神经系统、消化系统和内分泌系统等生理病理过程调节的研究新进展。
1.1 Apelin-13的结构 富含精氨酸和赖氨酸残基的Apelin前体肽,被血管紧张素转化酶2剪切成不同长度的亚型,如Apelin-13、Apelin-17和Apelin-36。Apelin-13是C末端含有13个氨基酸的短肽[2],见图1。Apelin-13的N端参与调节其与APJ受体的结合,C端主要参与调控其生物活性。[pGlu]Apelin-13是Apelin-13的N端焦谷氨酸化形式,有较强的稳定性,能够防止C末端的多肽被酶分解。Kleinz等[3]进一步研究显示,Apelin-13生物活性较长肽Apelin强,但其与受体结合能力较差。
Fig.1 Amino acid sequence of human Apelin subtypes图1 人类Apelin亚型氨基酸序列
1.2 Apelin-13的分布 Apeilin-13分布广泛,在人体大脑、心脏、胃、肾脏、视网膜、结肠、脐静脉、脂肪组织、骨间质祖细胞和血管内皮细胞中都能检测到Apelin-13的表达。有研究表明[pGlu]Apelin-13是健康人体血浆中存在的最主要的Apelin亚型,其血浆浓度为7.7~23.3 μg/L[4]。
2.1 Apelin-13与心血管系统 Apelin-13与APJ受体结合,能够拮抗血管紧张素Ⅱ对血管的收缩作用,从而舒张血管、降低血压。一项针对中国沿海人群的流行病学调查显示,血清Apelin-13水平与收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉压呈负相关[5]。研究显示恶性高血压与慢性肾病关系密切,慢性肾病患者中有非对称性二甲基精氨酸(asymmetric dimethylarginine,ADMA)聚集,ADMA能够造成血管内皮损伤,引起恶性高血压[6]。有研究显示,ADMA呈剂量和时间依赖性地增加人脐静脉血管内皮细胞的通透性,Apelin-13可以通过ADMA损伤人脐静脉内皮细胞的屏障,直接引起人脐静脉血管平滑肌细胞肌球蛋白轻链的增多[7]。动物实验显示,给予SD大鼠ADMA持续皮下泵入4周,与对照组比较,Apelin-13能够显著增加ADMA组大鼠的收缩压,且机制是Apelin-13直接引起ADMA组大鼠血管平滑肌细胞肌球蛋白轻链的增 多[6]。此外,Apelin-13能够通过激活磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT)信号通路促进大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖[8]。上述研究结果提示Apelin-13在不同条件下对血压具有双向调控作用。
Apelin-13亦具有抵抗缺血和缺血再灌注对心肌细胞损伤的作用。有研究显示在大鼠左冠状动脉前降支梗死24 h后,连续5 d腹腔注射[pGlu]Apelin-13后,与对照组比较,Apelin-13能够减少心肌梗死面积,增加心率和血清一氧化氮水平,抵抗缺血对心肌细胞的损伤[9]。在大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型中,Aplein-13可拮抗缺血再灌注诱导的心肌细胞内质网应激损伤[10-11];而给予PI3K/AKT、胞外信号调节蛋白激酶1/2(ERK1/2)及一磷酸腺苷依赖的蛋白激酶(AMPK)等信号通路的抑制剂能够阻断Aplein-13拮抗内质网应激诱导的细胞凋亡,提示Apelin-13对心肌细胞的保护作用需要PI3K/AKT、ERK及AMPK信号通路的参与[10-11]。
2.2 Apelin-13与呼吸系统 除草醚诱导的横膈疝气模型大鼠具有肺动脉高压症,长期肺动脉高压会导致肺血管平滑肌细胞增殖和迁徙。Hofmann等[12]发现该模型大鼠肺脉管系统中Apelin-13/APJ的mRNA表达水平显著上调,提示Apelin-13信号可能与长期肺动脉高压诱导肺血管平滑肌细胞增殖和迁徙有关。外源性给予Apelin-13能够抑制低氧诱导的肺动脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖、迁移和自噬[13]。此外,体外细胞实验发现肺腺癌细胞过表达APJ,Apelin-13可显著增加腺癌细胞ERK1/2磷酸化水平,促进肺腺癌细胞的增殖和自噬[14]。
2.3 Apelin-13与神经系统 Apelin-13在大脑中分布广泛,在脊髓、脑桥/延髓、中脑、大脑皮质、下丘脑、小脑、纹状体、嗅球和海马中均检测到了Apelin-13 mRNA表达。研究表明Apelin-13具有保护神经细胞损伤作用[15]。Zeng等[15]观察到在无血清诱导大脑皮质细胞损伤的实验中,Apelin-13可通过ERK1/2信号通路抑制门冬氨酸受体活化引起的Ca2+内流、氧化应激、线粒体功能损伤、细胞色素C的释放及caspase-3的激活,保护大脑皮质细胞凋亡和神经兴奋性毒性损伤。Khaksari等[16]发现,Apelin-13可以改善大脑中动脉局部缺血引起的大鼠大脑再灌注损伤和病理性水肿,并显著缩小脑梗死面积和水肿面积,其机制可能与Aplein-13抑制细胞凋亡过程有关。Apelin-13亦具有镇痛作用。Lv等[17-18]发现在小鼠蛛网膜下腔注射醋酸诱导内脏痛模型中,Apelin-13可发挥镇痛样作用,该效应可被阿片类受体拮抗剂所阻断。最近研究结果表明,Apelin-13可影响学习记忆和情绪。Telegdy等[19]研究发现Apelin-13能增强小鼠被动回避学习记忆的巩固过程,而α-肾上腺素能、类胆碱能、多巴胺能、5-羟色胺能、γ-氨基丁酸能等递质受体拮抗剂及一氧化氮合成抑制剂均能阻断Apelin-13对记忆巩固的增强作用。Telegdy等[20]研究显示,在高架十字迷宫检测实验中,Aplein-13能够提高CFLP小鼠的抗焦虑水平,且给予酚苄明、氟哌啶醇、普萘洛尔(心得安)和二甲麦角新碱能够阻断Apelin-13的抗焦虑水平,提示Apelin-13的抗焦虑作用与α、β肾上腺素能、多巴胺能和5-羟色胺能有关。
2.4 Apelin-13与消化系统 早期研究发现APJ受体在胃肠道有分布,提示Apelin-13可能参与调控胃肠功能。Lv等[21]发现给予小鼠侧脑室注射Apelin-13(3~10 μg/只)可抑制胃排空和胃肠道活动,而腹腔注射Apelin-13(10~100 μg/只)对胃排空无影响。给予Apelin-13受体阻断剂(F13A)和纳洛酮可拮抗Apelin-13抑制胃排空的作用,提示APJ受体和阿片类受体参与了Apelin-13对胃排空的调控。此外,体外实验结果表明,给予结肠癌细胞APJ特异性受体拮抗剂F13A能显著抑制结肠癌细胞的增殖[22]。
2.5 Apelin-13与内分泌系统 Aplein-13参与调控摄食行为和能量稳态。Sunter等[23]发现给予大鼠侧脑室注射Aplein-13可以减少正常大鼠和禁食大鼠的食物摄取量;Taheri等[24]给予大鼠侧脑室注射Apelin-13仅影响了禁食大鼠给药后2~4 h的食物摄取量。Lv等[25]夜间给予小鼠侧脑室注射Aplein-13后,可显著降低给药后4 h内禁食小鼠和未禁食小鼠的摄食和摄水量,而白昼给予侧脑室注射Aplein-13对未禁食小鼠的摄食和摄水量没有影响。上述实验结果提示Apelin-13对摄食摄水行为的调控可能受多种因素的影响。Wattez等[26]研究显示,在体内和体外实验中,Apelin-13可呈剂量依赖性地促进胆囊收缩素和胰高血糖素样肽1的分泌,进而调节摄食行为和糖稳态。Shin等[27]发现在肥胖症小鼠模型的脂肪组织及前体脂肪细胞中,Apelin-13是Apelin在脂肪组织中最主要的亚型。进一步研究显示,下丘脑室旁核微注射Apelin-13可引起下丘脑室旁核细胞中高表达C-fos,并且激活交感神经刺激棕色脂肪细胞,使棕色脂肪细胞温度升高,释放能量[28]。
Apelin-13有利于治疗糖尿病。Zeng等[29]发现Apelin-13对无血清诱导的间充质干细胞损伤具有保护作用,骨髓间充质干细胞移植可用于治疗多种疾病,包括糖尿病。然而,99%的骨髓间充质干细胞易在移植后24 h发生凋亡。改善低氧诱导间充质干细胞损伤的促凋亡环境是治疗损伤的关键。低氧会产生大量的活性氧代谢产物(reactive oxygen species,ROS),ROS可以通过激活核因子活化B细胞κ轻链增强子(nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,NF-κB)和ERK1/2通路诱导凋亡。因此,Apelin-13通过抑制ERK1/2通路和激活PI3K/AKT通路,抵抗ROS对骨髓间充质细胞的损伤作用,从而用于治疗糖尿病[30]。
Apelin-13信号系统广泛分布于外周与中枢组织,参与多种生理病理过程的调节。而目前对Apelin-13信号系统功能的研究处于初始阶段。在今后的研究中,一方面需要进一步明确Apelin-13信号系统其他生物功能,并对其作用机制深入研究;另一方面,还需要将Apelin-13信号系统作为某种疾病治疗靶点进行针对性的临床前研究。
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(2014-04-23收稿 2014-05-25修回)
(本文编辑 闫娟)
Current Research Progress of Apelin-13
FU Wan1,TIAN Shaowen2,YOU Yong1
1 Department of Neurology,First Affiliated Hospital,University of South China,Hengyang 421001,China;2 Department of Physiology,Medical School,University of South China
Apelin is a polypeptide consisting of 77 amino acids.Apelin receptors are found to be the angiotensinlike G protein coupled receptor(APJ).Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous system. Apelin-13 is one of the subtypes of Apelin,which has strong biological activity.This study reviewed the new research progress of Apelin-13 on physiological and pathological processes involved in the cardiovascular system,respiratory system,nervous system,digestive system and endocrine system.
Apelin-13;cardiovascular system;respiratory system;central nervous system;endocrine system
R592
A
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2014.11.026
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81171281、81300158)、省级科技计划项目(2013FJ3133)
1南华大学附属第一医院神经内科(邮编421001);2南华大学医学院生理教研室