“坏小子” 的艺术江湖

特约撰稿_Stella Wang 学术指导_Oscar Yan 编辑_曹尔寅 夏媛媛 供图_AIP艺术留学

“坏小子” 的艺术江湖

特约撰稿_Stella Wang 学术指导_Oscar Yan 编辑_曹尔寅 夏媛媛 供图_AIP艺术留学

卡拉瓦乔（1571—1610），意大利16世纪末至17世纪初著名现实主义画家。

笼罩在文艺复兴光环下的16世纪下半叶，艺术江湖群星陨落、青黄不接。整体感觉不啻告别城市中一众莺莺燕燕后爬上一隅土山头儿，撇见一位羞嗒嗒的俏美村姑（笔者注：此处暗指样式主义），暧昧可以，一辈子却显得太 长。

Comparing with the status in Renaissance, there were just few artists presenting their talents in the second half of the 16th century, which looked like a man who waved bye-bye to his soul mate, and bumped into his ‘Lolita’.（here referred to as Mannerism）

状况维系至17世纪初，历经沉寂与探索，意大利美术江湖再现三雄, 它们分别是—意大利学院派艺术、巴洛克艺术以及以卡拉瓦乔为代表的现实主义美术。英雄既出，满地便是江湖。

It was not until the early 1600s that ‘the Musketeer’ emerged after the years of silence and depression, they were Academic Art, Baroque Art and the Realism Art represented by Caravaggio respectively. Now that here came the heroes, the battle was already on.

之所以择乔兄为主角展开本期话题，原因有三：在内容浩瀚的教科书《西方美术史》中，专为描写卡拉瓦乔的内容便有完整的四页，着实可见其地位；有人曾抱怨笔者文章过于突出女性的情感体验，为避女性主义之嫌，这次选一位“大英雄”；若论绘画技法，鲜少有人能出其右，大师之后再无大师。

There are three reasons to choose Caravaggio to start our topic： it is obvious that his status in the field of art is important as there are 4 pages introducing Caravaggion in the book ‘History of Western Arts’; To avoid the so-called feminism, a super hero becomWes the best theme to be inked this time.There is no one who can compare with Caravaggio in the aspects of painting.

神样的画技 Proficiency

米开朗基罗·梅里西·德·卡拉瓦乔是一位活跃于16世纪末、17世纪初的意大利杰出画家。他风格特立，开启了卡拉瓦乔画派的先河，其作品令诸多后世名画家爱不忍释。他善于观察并真实展现人物心理和生理特征，将明暗对比的画法发扬光大，对巴洛克风格画派生成有重要的影响。

Michela ngelo Merisi (or Amerighi) da Caravaggio was an Italian painter active in Italy during the late 16th century a nd the early 17th century. He was a genius in his field. Initiating “Caravaggisti” or“Caravagesques”, he inspired numerous of famous artists as well. His paintings, which combined a realistic observation of the human state, both physicaland emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on Baroque paintings.

执拗的英雄主义 Heroism

众人常称卡拉瓦乔为“坏小子”。纵观其一生，他杀过人，闹过事，几次进出监狱，最后还入了帮派，被法庭请去喝咖啡也是家常便饭。个人以为，卡拉瓦乔如果续上几集意大利版古惑仔应该不是什么难事儿。他脾气火爆，江湖义气重，总是表露出的不羁与叛逆在其创作中可见一斑。

Caravaggio was often referred to as “Bad Boy” by people.His whole life, could be described as an Italian version of Gangster. He once killed someone, made trouble and was in jail for several times, and he ultimately even joined reactionary gang. He had a volcanic temper and was a frequent caller of the local court. His unruly spirit and rebellion were profoundly reflected in his paintings.

他是个很执拗的画家，所坚持的“展现真实性”使其获得广泛赞誉；但与此同时，他也是一个顽固的卖主，他的作品中呈现的“真实”也将他与一些宗教委员会对立开来。此外，创作速度快，是乔兄的另一绘画特点——在观察模特后，便直接用画笔柄在画布上勾勒底稿。关于这种做法，时内学界莫衷一是。

A s a m a n o f s t u b b o r n character, the “reality” his paintings reflected had been greatly praised by the public. Howe v e r, h e w a s a l s o a n obstinate seller;the so-called“reality”of his paintings set himself in an opposite position to some religious commissions. Besides, with the observation of live models. he always worked at great speed, scoring basic guides directly onto the canvas with the end of the brush handle. However, re ga rd i n g t o h i s p a i nt i n g approach,there is no unanimous conclusion can be drawn.

综述 Conclusion

卡拉瓦乔画焰嚣张，怪力乱神，生活起来也较劲得紧，更是跋扈了。可上苍总是优待才华横溢的人，普通百姓更是如此，因而不管他犯了多少的错，任了多少的性，后人顶多说句：这便是艺术家的性格。多少年后，盯着卡拉瓦乔的画看，灯檠茗碗，促乎之间，惊叹于他的鬼斧神工，也就自然消化了他的嚣张与不羁。画坛很少有兼职做大哥的人物，卡拉瓦乔可算名列头首了。遂姑且总结，他画过的，便是江湖。

C a ravaggio’s p a i nt i ng i s uninhibited but irreplaceable. His stubborn character was also vividly embodied in his masterpieces. God always bless the one who has talents and so do the public. Though a person who was self-centered and made numerous of mistakes, his defects were always accepted and were only treated as the reflection of ‘artistic character’. Hundreds of years later, when starting at Caravaggio’s paintings, I am always indulged in his caprice and appreciate his talents. Generally, there are very few of artists who perform like Gangsters as Caravaggio did and I have to say that what he painted was just like an Eden flashing with swords.

词汇Vocabulary

canvas n.帆布

caprice n.任性

commission n.委员会

embody v.体现

feminist n.女性主义

formative adj. 形成的

Heroism n. 英雄主义

indulge v.放任

Mannerism n.样式主义

marvel v. 对……感到惊讶

obstinate adj. 顽固的

rampant adj.嚣张的

reactionary adj. 反动的

reemerged v. 再度出现

Renaissance n.文艺复兴

unanimous adj.无异议的

01/02.卡拉瓦乔的水果篮及小男孩系列组图（左为Bacchus1595-1596,右为BoywithaBasketofFruit1593-1594）。一生未娶的乔哥哥被传有断袖之癖，因其与各种小男模之间剪不断理还乱的故事加诸其创作中的女主凤毛麟角。坊间臆测不信也罢，反正当年卡拉瓦乔没有正式宣布出柜，窥究其私生活也意义不大，各位看官意下如何？

03.《水果篮》（BasketofFruit1595-1596）是卡拉瓦乔早期的代表作，据史料考证，这是美术史上的第一幅静物画。瞧瞧这明晰而结实的轮廓、单纯而光线、鲜明而实在的果实，连被虫子啃食过的痕迹也被刻画到淋漓尽致。一切的一切不仅表明了静物完全可以成为独立的绘画主题而存在，也显示了卡拉瓦乔与当时过度追求理想化的格格不入与求实精神。

04.这幅是被买家拒收了的《圣母之死》(DeathoftheVirgin1601-1606），卡拉瓦乔无视斯卡拉教堂的订画旨意，按照自己的生活体验和美学原则执意创造了平民化后的圣母升天图。看到如此南辕北辙的画面，对方当然不买账，此举亦被当时主流所诟病。执拗的乔帮主仍旧坚持现实主义的奥义，“洒家的目的就是写实地批判，管你买还是不买”。

05.卡拉瓦乔经典作品《以马忤斯的晚餐》（SupperatEmmaus1601），话说《圣经》中描述过许多超自然的事件，比如耶稣复活。本作品即以该背景为蓝本展开创作，乔哥却将戏剧性诉诸于画布上：几位圣徒正在吃饭，席间猛然发现斯人已去的耶稣竟端坐其中。想来若当时胶片电影已大行其道，那么卡拉瓦乔定是位出色的导演加编剧。

06.《手提歌利亚头颅的大卫》（DavidwiththeHeadofGoliath1609-1610）。1608年卡拉瓦乔因杀害了所在帮派（骑士团）的资深大哥，再次被关入狱。聪明如他，乔帮主将故事中被斩首的歌利亚画成了自己，赠予骑士团长以获取赦免。事实证明，耽画是福，这一次，骑士团长收了画，释放了乔帮主。

07.《算命者》（TheFortune-Teller1598-1599）乔兄早期作品。那时他尚未出名，囊中羞涩请不起模特的卡拉瓦乔总以市井小民为题材，创作了不少风俗画。

08.《诈赌者》（TheCardsharps1594）。乔哥擅长定格瞬间，通过捕获观者的视觉敏感神经创造画面美感。