廖文菊 唐德华 程晓彬
摘要 [目的]主要探讨将β-环糊精(βCD)用于制备尿素缓控释肥料的可行性。[方法]以βCD为主体分子,以尿素为客体分子制备环糊精包合物肥料,并且进行红外光谱和溶出度试验。[结果]红外光谱证实了βCD对尿素的包合作用;当尿素与βCD的摩尔比为1∶1时,纯水中尿素的初期溶出率为14.37%,微分溶出率为2.37%,28 d累积溶出率为42.57%;包合物中尿素的初期溶出率、微分溶出率和28 d累积溶出率均随本底浓度增大而减小。[结论]包合物对尿素具有缓控释作用。
关键词 β-环糊精;尿素;包合物;肥料;缓控释
中图分类号 S143.1 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611(2014)13-03823-02
Abstract [Objective] The research aimed to study the application of βCD in the preparation of controlled release fertilizer. [Method] The inclusion complex was prepared by urea and βCD, and the dissolution and FTIR were studied. [Result] The result of FTIR indicated inclusion complex formation between βCD and urea. The preliminary solubility rate, differential dissolving rate and cumulative release rate in 28 days were 14.37%, 2.37% and 42.57%, respectively, when the mole ratio of urea to βCD was 1∶1. The preliminary solubility rate, differential dissolving rate and cumulative release rate in 28 days of urea decreased as the urea background concentration increased. [Conclusion]The urea could be controlled release by the inclusion complex.
Key words βcyclodextrin; Urea; Inclusion complex; Fertilizer; Controlled release
尿素是有机态氮肥, 属于中性速效肥,由于其氮含量高而被广泛应用。但是,尿素在施用过程中普遍存在利用率低、淋失量大等缺点。这主要是由于尿素施入土壤中以后,除了部分被作物吸收外,其水解产物NH4+部分转化为NO3-,部分被土壤胶体吸附,其余则以氨形式挥发掉,从而造成氮的损失。针对尿素施用中存在的问题,土壤学家做了大量工作,提出使用包膜技术[1-2]和脲酶抑制剂[3-4]等措施来降低尿素水解速率,提高尿素利用率。其中,包膜缓控释肥料的应用性能较好,但是仅能在一定程度上降低尿素的水解速率,难以根据作物生长需求来控制养分的释放,且用作包膜的有机材料或无机材料还可能对土壤环境造成污染。
笔者将β-环糊精(βCD)引入缓控释肥料的制备,通过研究βCD对尿素的缓控释性能及作用机理,探讨将其用于制备尿素缓控释肥料的可行性。环糊精是由环糊精葡萄糖转移酶作用于淀粉所得到的环状低聚糖,由于其特殊的分子空腔结构,可选择性地结合各种有机小分子或离子,形成主客体包合物[5],并且可根据环境变化来缓慢释放客体分子。环糊精的这一性能已在缓控释药物的制备中得到广泛应用[6-7]。将环糊精用于缓控释肥料的制备,可实现肥料分子的缓控释。作为缓控释材料的环糊精分子本身也可被土壤微生物缓慢降解而成为土壤养分被植物利用。
1 材料与方法
3 结论与讨论
采取固相包合法制备了βCD-尿素包合物。红外光谱证实了βCD对尿素的包合作用。溶出度试验表明,包合作用可使尿素的初期溶出率、微分溶出率和累积溶出率保持在较低水平,且尿素的初期溶出率、微分溶出率和累积溶出率均随着本底浓度的增加而减小,即包合物可根据环境中尿素的本底浓度控制尿素的释放,环境浓度低时释放多,反之,则释放少。该研究充分证实了βCD包合物对尿素的缓控释作用。
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