耿明会,关永贤,宋海斌,陈江欣
南海北部天然气渗漏系统地球物理初探
耿明会1,2,3,关永贤4,宋海斌1,2,陈江欣1,2,3
(1.中国科学院油气资源研究重点实验室,北京 100029;2.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,北京 100029;3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049;4.广州海洋地质调查局,广东广州 510760)
本文主要针对南海北部大陆边缘发育的5个沉积盆地——台西南盆地、珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地、莺歌海盆地和中建南盆地,分析了近年来利用地球物理方法研究南海北部天然气渗漏系统的成果,重点包括3个方面:天然气水合物的储藏、流体运移通道以及海底表面渗漏特征。其中表征天然气水合物存在的似海底反射BSR在台西南和珠江口盆地发育明显,莺歌海盆地发现有大型气田;5个盆地流体运移活跃,其内发现了多样的运移通道:断层、底辟、气烟囱、多边形断层及水道(峡谷)等破裂结构;海底表面渗漏特征也在台西南、珠江口、莺歌海和中建南盆地均有发现。南海北部大陆边缘天然气渗漏系统广泛发育,值得进一步深入研究。
南海北部;天然气;流体运移通道;海底冷泉
含天然气的流体到达海底表面以喷涌或渗漏的方式进入海洋,称为海底渗漏(冷泉),海底表面渗漏特征表现为麻坑、泥火山、羽状体等。深水区渗漏系统的天然气可能来自于深部的热解成因天然气和浅部的生物成因天然气,也可能由天然气水合物分解而来[1-2]。含天然气的流体运移通道包括:断层、泥火山、泥底辟、气烟囱、多边形断层、管状构造和麻坑等破裂结构。流体运移通道不仅指示了天然气的聚集和运移,同时使得海底结构不稳定,造成沉积层坍塌、海底滑坡等地质灾害,给油气、天然气水合物开采及海底工程安全带来隐患[3]。
天然气渗漏系统是海洋环境中广泛分布的一种自然现象,在世界各大洋均有发现[4]。南海北部是我国海洋油气主要产区,并蕴藏天然气水合物资源,天然气渗漏系统与油气、天然气水合物关系密切。南海北部大陆边缘发育有5个主要的沉积盆地,从东向西依次为:台西南盆地、珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地、中建南盆地和莺歌海盆地,都是含油气盆地[5]。本文分别针对这5个盆地总结了近年来利用地球物理方法研究南海北部天然气渗漏系统(图1)的成果,重点包括3个方面:天然气水合物的储藏、流体运移通道以及海底冷泉。
台西南盆地,位于吕宋火山岛弧和南海北部张裂(被动)大陆边缘之间,盆地内包含2个构造单元:马尼拉海沟俯冲形成的叠瓦状增生楔的主动大陆边缘和伴随南海海盆扩张形成的被动大陆边缘。利用多道地震方法(图2)在此区域发现了众多天然气渗漏系统的证据,图3为指示天然气水合物存在的似海底反射BSR(Bottom-simulating reflector)带,BSR主要分布在增生楔下半坡以及南海北部大陆坡东北部,这2个区域分别有褶皱冲断构造和铲状正断层作为流体运移通道从而有利于形成天然气水合物赋存区。增生楔上半坡分布有成簇泥底辟,流体运动活跃,还可观察到天然气渗漏进入海洋的现象[6-7]。泥火山主要展布在南部凹陷陆坡深水区和陆上台南—高雄地区(图4),其中陆上泥火山区已发现天然气苗,陆坡深水区泥火山及其伴生圈闭构造为渗漏型天然气水合物的富集提供了有利环境[8-10]。
珠江口盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘中部,面积约17.5×104km2,是南海的重要油气产区,也是天然气水合物赋存区。利用地震方法在盆地中南部发现了集中型流体运移系统和与其相关的地震异常区域(图5)。在剖面上地震异常表现为增强反射、声空白和声混浊特征,指示了浅层气的存在[11]。流体运移系统分为2类:一类是位于地层深处的正断层、气烟囱、管状构造和泥底辟/泥火山为热成因天然气运移至水合物稳定带提供通道;另一类位于浅部,混合的热成因天然气和生物成因天然气沿小断层或峡谷运移至天然气水合物稳定带,部分可能通过麻坑进入海洋[11]。东沙海区(包括珠江口东南部和台西南盆地西部)发现了大量的海底冷泉,综合区域地震资料可知该区域适合天然气水合物聚集,其中断层和泥底辟将深部热成因天然气和浅层生物成因天然气运移至水合物稳定带形成天然气水合物,甚至到达海底表面形成海底天然气渗漏(冷泉)[12]。位于珠江口盆地的白云凹陷是南海北部最大的深水凹陷,处于陆壳向洋壳过渡地区,区域内沉积速率高、埋藏有巨厚烃源岩,受构造背景影响断裂发育,中心地区发育有泥底辟,除此之外还发现有气烟囱和BSR(图6),证实了白云凹陷是天然气水合物勘探的远景区[13-14]。
琼东南盆地属于新生代被动大陆边缘型盆地,具有超压、高沉积速率、高热流及构造复杂的特征。盆地内烃源物质发育,集中型流体运动活跃,为天然气水合物形成提供了充足气源。利用地震方法在该区域发现了指示天然气水合物赋存的BSR(图7)和多种天然气运移通道:气烟囱、泥底辟、管状构造以及在平面上呈现为多边形形态、小断距、密集分布的多边形断层;一些流体运移还与大型水道(峡谷)和块体搬运体系相关[15-22]。
位于南海北部大陆架西部的莺歌海盆地,是个高沉降速率、高热流的超压盆地,主要包括3个构造单元,从东向西依次是:莺东斜坡带、中央坳陷带和莺西斜坡带。盆地内观察到密集的流体运动,中央坳陷带内发育气烟囱和多个泥底辟区(图8),为从超压地层来的热流体提供了垂直运移通道;盆地内广泛分布有作为海底天然气渗漏(冷泉)活动标志的麻坑;不仅是中央坳陷带巨厚沉积地区,边缘隆起带地区也发现有天然气渗漏现象;1号断裂带也是流体运移的主要通道之一,附近观测到很多海底渗漏现象和一个大型气田[9,23-31]。
中建南盆地面积超过105km2,跨越陆架和陆坡等地貌单元,水深变化极大;盆地沉积厚度极大,达到8 500 m;地温梯度高,有利于有机质转化,因此烃源岩发育;局部构造发育、圈闭类型丰富多样,烃类的运移和聚集条件良好,是油气远景区[32-34]。图9和图10所示的研究区域位于南海西北部,包括中建南盆地的北部和部分广乐隆起区域。该区域位于南海北部和西部的交接处,断层发育,地质条件复杂,流体运移活跃[32]。利用地震及多波束测深资料已发现中建南盆地北部有断层、泥火山、麻坑、多边形断层、管道等流体运移通道发育,为烃类气体在天然气水合物稳定带聚集提供了通道[35-37]。如图9和图10所示,中建南盆地北部发育麻坑和泥火山,麻坑多为直径在千米量级的巨麻坑,深度约百米,其形成与海底含天然气流体的逸散相关,麻坑在形成之初大多数形状为圆形或椭圆形,后在多变海洋环境和海底流体活动作用下变为拉长形或新月形。
南海北部边缘盆地地质构造复杂,沉积厚度大,生烃能力强;局部高热流、超压、快速沉积,聚集型流体运移在该区域分布广泛;深部的热解成因气、浅部的生物成因气或者混合气沿断裂、泥火山/泥底辟、气烟囱、多边形断层等构造通道快速运移至天然气水合物稳定带,形成构造圈闭型水合物藏,少部分通过麻坑和泥火山进入海洋[22,38-41]。
南海北部,从油气勘探开发的成果来看,西部产气为主,东部产油为主。从天然气水合物勘查结果来看,东部似海底反射发育并且典型,西部的BSR并不明显。从海底冷泉有关的特征来看,西部的莺歌海盆地泥底辟、油气苗均非常显著,但水深较浅,不发育天然气水合物稳定带;西部的琼东南盆地以及其南部的中建南盆地均有大型麻坑发育,也有一些泥火山;珠江口盆地的白云凹陷是深水油气的主要勘探区,2007年广州海洋地质调查局在神弧海域钻获了天然气水合物,该盆地也存在部分海底天然气渗漏系统存在的相关依据,但研究尚需深化;南海东北部(台西南盆地区)有典型的BSR分布,是南海海域天然气水合物分布的重点区。现有的调查研究取得了众多成果,在海底冷泉系统的研究方面也出现了可喜的发现,值得进一步总结分析。
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Preliminary geophysical studies of the natural gas seepage systems in the northern South China Sea
GENG Ming-hui1,2,3,GUAN Yong-xian4,SONG Hai-bin1,2,CHEN Jiang-xin1,2,3
(1.Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100029,China;2.Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100029,China;3.University of Chinese Academy of Science,Beijing 100049,China;4.Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey,Guangzhou 510760,China)
Five sedimentary basins develop in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea:the Southwest Taiwan Basin,the Pearl River Mouth Basin,the Qiongdongnan Basin,the Yinggehai Basin and the Zhongjiannan Basin.We summarized the research of five basins'gas seepage systems with the use of geophysical methods,focusing on three aspects:natural gas hydrate reservoirs,fluid migration pathways and seeping features near the seabed.The results show that BSRs indicating the presence of natural gas hydrate are found in the Southwest Taiwan Basin,the Pearl River Mouth Basin,and there is a large gas field in the Yinggehai Basin;five basins have active fluid migration,where we can find a variety of pathways:faults,diapirs,gas chimneys,polygonal faults,channels(canyon)and other fracture structures;seeping features near the seabed have been found in the Southwest Taiwan Basin,the Pearl River Mouth Basin,the Yinggehai Basin and the Zhongjiannan Basin.The northern continental margin of the South China Sea with wide distribution of the gas seepage systems deserves further studies.
northern South China Sea;natural gas;fluid migration path;seabed cold seeps
P744.4
A
1001-909X(2014)02-0046-07
10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2014.02.006
耿明会,关永贤,宋海斌,等.南海北部天然气渗漏系统地球物理初探[J].海洋学研究,2014,32(2):46-52,
10.3969/j.issn. 1001-909X.2014.02.006.
GENG Ming-hui,GUAN Yong-xian,SONG Hai-bin,et al.Preliminary geophysical studies of the natural gas seepage systems in the northern South China Sea[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2014,32(2):46-52,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-909X.2014.02.006.
2013-12-24…………
2014-03-31
国家自然科学基金重大计划重点项目资助(91128205)
耿明会(1990-),女,山东临沂市人,主要从事海洋地球物理方面的研究。E-mail:gengminghui5591788@163.com