奈良+20：关于遗产实践、文化价值和真实性概念的回顾性文件

奈良+20：关于遗产实践、文化价值和真实性概念的回顾性文件

Nara + 20: On Heritage Practices, Cultural Values, and the Concept of Authenticity

为回顾1994年《奈良真实性文件》所设定的关于尊重世界范围内的文化和遗产多样性的原则；回顾此文件拓展了在遗产实践中关于遗产文化价值和真实性的概念；

为确认在遗产保护实践中社区参与、社会包容、可续性的实践以及代际间责任的重要性；

为承认意识到由于全球化、城市化、人口变动乃至新技术发展对遗产保护和传播带来的现实挑战；

为认同不同社区群体在保持和传承其特有的、物质和非物质的文化表达方式上的权利；

基于《奈良真实性文件》通过后的一系列国际公约和宪章以及学术研究和专业论坛的成果，拓展了文化遗产的涵盖领域，突出了文脉和文化多样性的重要性；

日本文化厅为了纪念《奈良真实性文件》20周年，与九州大学合作举办了一系列专业会议，用以评估和学习20年来在文化遗产认定和管理中应用《奈良文件》的实践经验。基于《姬路建议》，本文件认定，在全球、国家和地方文脉等各层面，广大社区和利益相关者采取的行动应当优先关注以下5个关联要素：

1 “遗产演变”的多元性

如《奈良文件》所述，真实性随遗产所处文脉的不同而不同，而文化遗产的概念本身也包含多元的形式和演化进程。在过去的20年中，遗产管理和保护的实践中，越来越多地考虑了“社会演进”的因素，而正是通过“社会演进”，文化遗产才得以创造、应用、阐释和保护。而且，随着人们接触和感知遗产的技术与方式的发展，“影响遗产的社会演进”和“对真实性的认知”也在随之变化。

需要进一步发展自己的方法论，用以认知日益丰富的文化形式及其演进过程，以及物质和非物质遗产之间的内在互动关系。

2 “遗产价值”演变的内涵

《奈良文件》认为文化遗产持续处于一个演变的过程。在过去的20年中，上述认识为遗产管理带来了挑战，并使实践者们对于遗产保护中一些共性原则产生疑问。此外，在这一时期，社区在上述“遗产演变”中的有效参与也带来了人们对于此前没有认知的新的遗产价值的承认。这些变化要求我们将对于遗产价值的认知及其真实性的判定放在一个能够容纳人们认知和观点变化的周期性的审视之中，而非建立在一个孤立的评判程序上。

需要进一步深入认识这种“遗产演变”，从而达到对真实性进行周期性评判。

3 多元利益相关者的参与

《奈良文件》中，文化遗产的守护职责被赋予给了创造和守护遗产的特定社区群体。而过去20年的经验证明，文化遗产对于更广泛的社会群体，乃至包含了1994年还不存在而现在已经存在着的全球社会在内的利益相关方，都有着其在不同方面的重要意义。让此种情形更加复杂的是，社会个体可能同时属于不同的社区群体，且这些利益相关者之间的权利也由于遗产立法、决策机制和经济利益的不同而不均衡。因此，我们认为对于遗产重要性、价值、真实性的判定，以及管理和遗产资源利用方式上拥有权威的群体应担负起将所有利益相关者纳入上述过程的责任，而不要忽视声音弱小的群体。遗产的专业人士应当参与到能够影响遗产的社区事务之中。

需要进一步致力于判定遗产保护中的权利、责任、代表性和社区参与程度的方法研究。

4 冲突的声张与调和

《奈良文件》呼吁尊重在文化价值认知上存在分歧的案例中的文化多样性。然而，在过去的20年中，事实证明，存在遗产价值和内涵认知上的矛盾仍往往会导致看似不可调和的冲突。基于这种情况，我们需要更加具有公信力和透明的程序用以弥合这种分歧。通过这种程序，存在分歧的不同社会群体，即使在遗产重要性上难以达成一致意见，也能够认同并参与此遗产的保护。

需要进一步致力于寻求达成共识的方法。

5 文化遗产在可持续发展中角色

《奈良文件》未专门论述文化和发展的问题。然而，在过去的20年中，将文化遗产纳入可持续发展和减少贫困战略的需要已经得到广泛认可。对于文化遗产在发展中的利用，在保证经济利益和社会利益平衡的基础上，必须顾及文化价值、遗产演变、社区需求和管理需要。文化遗产保护和经济利益发展之间的平衡必须被视作可持续发展理念的一部分。

需要进一步致力于探索文化遗产在可持续发展中所能扮演的角色，并探寻能够衡量上述平衡和共赢的方法，从而使遗产的文化价值与社区需求能够融合在发展过程中。

此文件中的下述关键词的阐释为：

真实性：因文化而异的属性，且其与遗产的位置、实践以及承载文化价值的载体相关；是一个演进着的文化传统的有意义阐释；并且（或者）能够引起社会个体间的群体认知上的情感共鸣。

保护：所有为理解一项遗产或遗产要素；用以获知、反映和传播其历史和内涵；促进其守护，以及管控其变化而采取的行动。用以保证其遗产价值在当代和后代间的最好保留。

社区：任何拥有共同的文化和社会特征、共同利益、有着时间上的延续性，以及将其自身区别于其他群体特征的群体。上述部分能够定义一个社区特殊性的特征、利益、需求和认知会与遗产直接相关。

文化价值：不同社区赋予他们指定为遗产的事物上的意义、功能和利益，从而赋予了某个场所或者物体以文化上的重要性。

信息源：可使人了解文化遗产的性质、规范、意义、历史及其蕴含的共同记忆的所有物质的、书面的、口述的与图像的来源。

利益相关者：一个由于特殊关联、意义，以及（或者）法律和经济上的关系而对遗产具有某种特殊利益的具体个人、群体或者组织。其影响对遗产的相关决策，或者受到对遗产的相关决策的影响。

《奈良+20》由在日本政府文化厅、奈良县和奈良市的邀请下，于2014年10月22-24日出席在奈良举办的“纪念《奈良真实性文件》20周年会议”的代表以英文起草。（徐桐 译）

Recalling the achievements of the 1994 Nara Document on Authenticity in setting principles of respect and tolerance for cultural and heritage diversity around the world, and in expanding the concepts of cultural value and authenticity in heritage practices;

Affirming the importance of community participation, social inclusion, sustainable practices and intergenerational responsibility in the conservation of heritage;

Recognizing present challenges to the conservation and appreciation of cultural heritage resulting from globalization, urbanization, demographic changes and new technologies;

烤鸡翅经调味、烧烤后具有外焦里嫩的口感而备受青睐。但直接用烧烤模式进行烧烤时，食物表面容易烤焦、汁液流失，口感柴、难咀嚼。然而利用真空低温烹饪不仅可以实现水分和重量最小程度的损失，还能更好的保留食物的原味和色泽，烹制的菜肴营养美味又健康[3，4]。

Acknowledging the rights of communities to maintain and transmit their particular forms of tangible and intangible cultural expressions;

Building on international conventions and charters, and the work done in academic and professional fora since the drafting of the Nara Document that have helped to expand the scope of cultural heritage and underscore the importance of cultural context and cultural diversity;

The Agency for Cultural Affairs (Government of Japan), in celebrating the 20th anniversary of the Nara Document initiated a series of meetings of experts in cooperation with Kyushu University to evaluate and learn from the practical experiences of applying the Nara Document to the identification and management of heritage sites over the last 20 years. This Nara+20 text, building on the Himeji Recommendation identifies five key interrelated issues highlighting prioritized actions to be developed and expanded within global, national and local contexts by wider community and stakeholder involvement.

1 Diversity of heritage processes

Just as the Nara Document indicates that authenticity varies according to the cultural context, the concept of cultural heritage itself assumes diverse forms and processes. In the last 20 years, heritage management and conservation practices have increasingly taken into consideration the social processes by which cultural heritage is produced, used, interpreted and safeguarded. In addition, social processes and perceptions of authenticity have been affected by emerging modes and technologies for accessing and experiencing heritage.

Further work is needed on methodologies for assessing this broader spectrum of cultural forms and processes, and the dynamic interrelationship between tangible and intangible heritage.

2 Implications of the evolution of cultural values

The Nara Document acknowledges that cultural heritage undergoes a continuous process of evolution. In the last 20 years, recognition of this evolution has created challenges for heritage management and has led practitioners to question the validity of universal conservation principles. In addition, during this period, fruitful engagement by communities in heritage processes has given rise to the acceptance of new values that had previously gone unrecognized. These changes require that the identification of values and the determination of authenticity be based on periodic reviews that accommodate changes over time in perceptions and attitudes, rather than on a single assessment.

A better understanding is needed of the processes by which authenticity can be periodically assessed.

3 Involvement of multiple stakeholders

The Nara Document assigns responsibility for cultural heritage to specific communities that generated or cared for it. The experience of the last 20 years has demonstrated that cultural heritage may be significant in different ways to a broader range of communities and interest groups that now include virtual global communities that did not exist in 1994. This situation is further complicated by the recognition that individuals can be simultaneously members of more than one community and by the imbalance of power among stakeholders, often determined by heritage legislation, decision-making mechanisms, and economic interests. Those with authority to establish or recognize the significance, value, authenticity, treatment and use of heritage resources have the responsibility to involve all stakeholders in these processes, not forgetting those communities with little or no voice. Heritage professionals should engage in community matters that may affect heritage.

Further work is needed on methodologies to identify the rights, responsibilities, representatives, and levels of involvement of communities.

4 Conflicting claims and interpretations

The Nara Document calls for respect of cultural diversity in cases where cultural values appear to be in conflict. In the last 20 years it has become evident that competing values and meanings of heritage may lead to seemingly irreconcilable conflicts. To address such situations, credible and transparent processes are required to mediate heritage disputes.These processes would require that communities in conflict agree to participate in the conservation of the heritage, even when a shared understanding of its significance is unattainable.

Further work is needed on consensus-building methods to heritage practice.

5 Role of cultural heritage in sustainable development

The Nara Document does not specifically address issues of culture and development. Over the last 20 years, however, the need for considering cultural heritage in sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies has gained broad acceptance. The use of cultural heritage in development strategies must take into account cultural values, processes, community concerns, and administrative practices while ensuring equitable participation in socio-economic benefits. The tradeoffs between conservation of cultural heritage and economic development must be seen as part of the notion of sustainability.

Further work is required to explore the role that cultural heritage can play in sustainable development, and to identify methods of assessing trade-offs and building synergies so that cultural values and community concerns are integrated in development processes.

For the purpose of this document, the following interpretations of key words were used:

Authenticity: A culturally contingent quality associated with a heritage place, practice, or object that conveys cultural value; is recognized as a meaningful expression of an evolving cultural tradition; and/or evokes among individuals the social and emotional resonance of group identity.

Conservation: All actions designed to understand a heritage property or element, know, reflect upon and communicate its history and meaning, facilitate its safeguard, and manage change in ways that will best sustain its heritage values for present and future generations.

Community: Any group sharing cultural or social characteristics, interests, and perceived continuity through time, and which distinguishes itself in some respect from other groups. Some of the characteristics, interests, needs and perceptions that define the distinctiveness of a community are directly linked to heritage.

Cultural values: The meanings, functions, or benefits ascribed by various communities to something they designate as heritage, and which create the cultural significance of a place or object.

Information sources: all physical, written, oral, and figurative sources that underlie the understanding and appreciation of the nature, specificities, meaning, and transmission of cultural heritage and the collective memory it embodies.

Stakeholder: A person, group or organization who has a particular interest in the heritage on the basis of special associations, meanings, and/or legal and economic interests, and who can affect, or be affected, by decisions regarding the heritage.

Nara+20 was drafted in English and adopted by the participants at the Meeting on the 20th Anniversary of the Nara Document on Authenticity, held at Nara, Japan, from 22-24 October 2014, at the invitation of the Agency for Cultural Affairs (Government of Japan), Nara Prefecture and Nara City.