宁美真 杨先 孔庆兰 仇伟涛 李慧 崔从先
先天性颅神经异常支配眼病研究进展△
宁美真 杨先 孔庆兰 仇伟涛 李慧 崔从先
先天性颅神经异常支配性疾病;先天性眼外肌纤维化;Duane眼球后退综合征
先天性颅神经异常支配眼病(concept of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders,CCDD)为先天性、非进行性的颅神经肌肉疾病,其病因为一条或多条颅神经发育异常或完全缺如,从而引起肌肉的异常支配。这类疾病包括先天性眼外肌纤维化、Duane眼球后退综合征、Möbius 综合征等。患者常表现为垂直眼球运动异常、水平眼球运动异常或面肌麻痹。许多CCDD是遗传性的,分子遗传学研究已经发现了多个遗传位点和致病基因,如FEOM1、KIF21A、ARIX、TUBB3。本文对近年来不同类型CCDD的临床表现以及分子遗传学的研究进展进行了综述。
[眼科新进展,2014,34(1):94-97]
先天性颅神经异常支配性疾病(concept of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders,CCDD)的概念于2002年首次提出,概括为一组先天性颅神经核和(或)颅神经发育异常而导致异常神经支配,从而继发其目标肌肉纤维化,临床表现为相关肌肉运动或联动异常的一组疾病[1]。近几十年的肌电图、临床病理学、神经影像学和分子遗传学研究也进一步证实了这类疾病具有共同的发病机制[2-6]。
与眼球运动相关的CCDD与第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ颅神经和/或与控制眼球运动有关的脑干结构发育异常相关,表现为异常的眼球运动或联动。该病可以为散发或有家族遗传性,病因可以有遗传或遗传以外的因素。代表性疾病包括:先天性眼外肌纤维化(congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles,CFEOM)、Duane眼球后退综合征(Duane retraction syndrome,DRS)、水平注视麻痹伴进行性脊柱侧凸[2-3,7-10]。在这些疾病中,均发现了明确的致病基因,其编码的蛋白均与颅神经的发育有关,哈佛大学Engle[2]对CFEOM、DRS的神经遗传学方面的研究具有重要贡献,这些成果使我们对这类疾病发病机制的认识有了质的飞跃。
1.1CFEOMCFEOM是一组少见的斜视综合征,主要表现为先天性非进行性限制性眼球运动异常伴或不伴有眼睑下垂[11]。根据其家系的临床表型分为4类:CFEOM1、CFEOM2、CFEOM3、Tukel综合征。确定了CFEOM1、CFEOM2和CFEOM3的致病基因KIF21A、ARIX/PHOX2A、TUBB3[12-14],在伴有多小脑回病变的CFEOM家系中发现了新致病基因TUBB2B[15],证实与TUBB2B基因的错义突变导致主要轴突神经异常支配有关。
1.1.1CFEOM1CFEOM1表现型是最常见的经典CFEOM表现型,其特征为先天性双侧上睑下垂,双眼运动异常,双眼固定于水平线以下20°~30°的下斜位,被动牵拉试验阳性,并伴有不同程度的水平运动受限,固定性外斜视较内斜视多见,导致斜视性和形觉剥夺性弱视,有下颌上抬异常头位。试图向上注视时常有异常的协同集合运动或Marcus-Gunn下颌瞬目等异常联动。神经病理学和影像学证实该病存在动眼神经上支的缺失和严重发育不良。该病为完全外显的常染色体显性遗传,Yamada等[12]在12号染色体的着丝粒即FEOM1位点(MIM 135700)确定其致病基因为驱动蛋白基因KIF21A,其在神经元表达,在轴突的发育中具有重要作用,在44个典型CFEOM家系先证者中发现KIF21A基因可发生6种错义突变;然而在沙特阿拉伯家系,未发现KIF21A的突变[16]。目前在CFEOM1患者中发现12种致病性突变,推测这些突变导致蛋白的结构和功能异常,不能输送轴突发育所需的物质。
1.1.2CFEOM2CFEOM2 表现型较少见,其特征为不同程度的双眼上睑下垂,眼球固定于大角度的外斜位,可有不同程度垂直斜视、垂直运动及内转严重受限或固定,被动牵拉试验阳性,有下颌上抬异常头位,斜视性和形觉剥夺性弱视,无企图向上注视时的协同集合运动或Marcus-Gunn下颌瞬目等异常联动。高分辨率的眼眶和颅脑MRI显示第Ⅲ和第Ⅳ颅神经缺如及相应眼外肌发育不良、纤维化或缺如。CFEOM2为常染色体隐性遗传,只在近亲婚配的家系中发生。在染色体11q13的FEOM2位点(MIM 602078)发现了致病基因PHOX2A的四个突变[14,17]。在小鼠和斑马鱼,Phox2a编码一种对III 和Ⅳ颅神经α运动神经元的发育起主要作用的同源异构域转录因子,其突变导致多条颅神经缺如或发育异常,为CFEOM2的表型提供了遗传学证据。
1.1.3CFEOM3CFEOM3家系因其在同一家系中具有不同表现型而与CFEOM1不同,患者可为单侧或双侧受累,伴或不伴上睑下垂,眼球运动轻度或严重受限,受累较轻的患者第一眼位可为正位。CFEOM3为不完全外显的常染色体显性遗传,在少数病例中发现了KIF21A(CFEOM3B)的突变[18];在一个3代CFEOM3家系发现新突变位点FEOM4(CFEOM3C、MIM 609384)[19],即2号染色体和13号染色体的平衡易位;在多个CFEOM3大家系中在16号染色体长臂端粒(16qter)的FEOM3位点(MIM 600638)发现致病基因TUBB3(CFEOM3A)[6,14],TUBB3基因编码具有神经元特异性的微管蛋白同种型Ⅲ,其在神经元中表达,在哺乳动物神经的发生、轴突的导向和维护中具有重要作用[14]。目前,临床上一组神经系统发育异常性综合征表型包括CFEOM3,同时部分合并智力和行为异常,面神经麻痹和/或由于轴突发育异常导致的感觉运动异常,被称为TUBB3综合征,基因学发现其是由8种杂合性突变导致,神经影像学发现动眼神经发育异常和胼胝体、前联合、皮质脊髓束发育不全有关。部分CFEOM3患者伴有双手少指或并指畸形,又被称为Tukel综合征,为常染色体隐性遗传。
1.2DRSDRS约占斜视患者的1%~4%,其特征为眼球内转、外转、内外转均受限,当患眼内转时眼球后退,睑裂缩小,部分伴有上射或下射现象,临床分为3型:Ⅰ型(典型的DRS)主要为眼球外转显著受限;Ⅱ型主要为眼球内转显著受限;Ⅲ型患者内外转均明显受限。DRS中有59%为左眼,23%为右眼,18%为双眼,60%为女性[1],多数病例为散发,仅约10%的患者有家族史,包括显性和隐性遗传,可见隔代遗传[1]。
DRS的首个致病基因是在Duane桡侧列综合征(Duane syndrome with radial ray anomalies,DRRS)或Okihiro综合征中发现的SALL4(MIM 607323)[3,7]。DRRS为常染色体显性遗传,多数患者既有DRRS又有桡侧发育不全,常见拇指发育不全,可伴有耳聋和躯体发育异常。SALL4基因编码锌指转录因子。
第2个与DRS相关的致病基因为HOXA1,是在一常染色体隐性遗传的Bosley-Salih-Alorniay 综合征家系中发现的[20]。其表现型为双眼DRS伴感觉神经性耳聋、颈内动脉畸形。HOXA1为同源异形盒转录因子,对于脑和头部的发育有重要作用[21]。最近,有学者对1例双眼DRS伴耳聋的患者研究发现基因PTPRN2[22]有参与早期病变的可能。
第3个与DRS相关的致病基因为CHN1(MIM 604356),是在数个常染色体显性遗传的DRS家系中发现的[23-24]。多数患者表现为双眼DRS伴垂直方向眼球运动异常[25]。CHN1编码的蛋白在轴突导向的发育中具有重要作用[26]。另外,有学者在染色体8q12区间发现了基因CHD7[27],并假设其可能与DRS表型有关。2号、10号、22号染色体上也许存在与DRS发病有关的基因[28]。但迄今为止,在散发的DRS中尚未发现上述基因的突变[29-31]。
1.3水平注视麻痹伴进行性脊柱侧凸水平注视麻痹伴进行性脊柱侧凸为常染色体隐性遗传,表现为先天性共轭的水平注视完全缺如和儿童时期发病的进行性脊柱侧凸,可伴有眼球震颤、内斜视和(或)内转时眼球后退。致病基因为ROBO3,编码某种跨膜受体蛋白,与对果蝇、斑马鱼和小鼠的轴突导向相关的基因具有同源性,在脑神经轴突跨中线的导向发育中有重要作用[10,32]。
某些先天性、非进行性颅神经支配异常性疾病,包括先天性第Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ颅神经支配异常,虽然其致病基因、发病机制目前不确定,但CCDD概念的提出,深化了对此类疾病的认识。
2.1先天性上睑下垂在CFEOM中,先天性上睑下垂被证实为CCDD的特征之一。先天性上睑下垂作为独立存在的临床疾病,目前也被假设为是由于第Ⅲ对颅神经的靶向支配异常导致。在对先天性上睑下垂家系的研究中发现有遗传因素,并已通过连锁分析确定遗传位点[33-35],包括1号染色体上的常染色体显性遗传位点(PTOS1)和X-连锁位点。
2.2MarcusGunn颌动瞬目综合征Marcus Gunn颌动瞬目综合征指在咀嚼或吸吮时伴有上睑抬起或降低,伴或不伴先天性上睑下垂,推测是由于第Ⅴ对颅神经的运动支异常地支配了提上睑肌的肌纤维所致[36]。目前也有关于第Ⅳ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ对颅神经的轴突异常支配提上睑肌肌纤维的病例报道[37-38]。
2.3面部运动异常性疾病
2.3.1先天性面神经麻痹先天性面神经麻痹被认为是由于面神经核和/或面神经的发育异常引起,通过对患病家系的研究,已发现其遗传位点[1,39],位点HCFP1(MIM 601471)和 HCFP2(MIM 604185)已被定义,但尚未确定[40]。
2.3.2Möbius综合征Möbius综合征为合并有双侧第Ⅵ、Ⅶ颅神经异常的疾病,散发病例,多表现为先天性面神经麻痹,常伴有眼球运动的异常,为外展受限,常伴有舌和/或咽功能异常、水平注视麻痹、双侧DRS、颅面部和四肢畸形,有时也可伴有第Ⅲ对颅神经的异常如CFEOM等[41-42]。有研究发现致病基因HOXA1的突变与Möbius综合征无关[43]。
随着CCDD观点的提出,目前人们试图发掘某些先天性、非进行性、限制性眼球运动异常疾病中是否存在先天性颅神经异常支配这一机制,这类疾病包括:先天性Brown综合征、双上转肌麻痹、垂直后退综合征,其与CCDD具有某些共性,在CCDD散发病例或患病家系中可伴随出现,但其是否属于CCDD还需要遗传连锁分析及候选基因的研究以进一步证实,目前还缺乏这方面的证据。
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date:Dec 20,2012
Research progress on congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders
NING Mei-Zhen,YANG Xian,KONG Qing-Lan,QIU Wei-Tao,LI Hui,CUI Cong-Xian
congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders;congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles;Duane retraction syndrome
Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDD) is summarized as a couple of dysinnervation that result from congenital abnormal development of the cranial nerve nuclei and (or) cranial nerves,then causing fibrosis of target muscles.CCDD include congenital extraocular muscles fibrosis,Duane retraction syndrome,Möbius syndrome.The syndrome is characterized by motility disturbances of innervated muscles.Most CCDD are associated with heredity,many genetic site and pathopoiesic gene have been found in recent years in molecular genetics,such as FEOM1,KIF21A,ARIX,TUBB3.This article reviews the research progress on the clinical features and molecular genetics of different types of CCDD in recent years.
宁美真,女,1985年7月出生,硕士。联系电话:13792477463;E-mail:angelicsmile@yahoo.cn
AboutNINGMei-Zhen:Female,born in July,1985.Master degree.Tel:13792477463;E-mail:angelicsmile@yahoo.cn
2012-12-20
青岛市科技局资助项目(编号:04-2-JZ-96)
266002 山东省青岛市,第九人民医院眼科(宁美真,仇伟涛);266003 山东省青岛市,青岛大学医学院附属医院眼科(杨先,孔庆兰,李慧,崔从先)
杨先,E-mail:yangxian_zhao@126.com
Accepteddate:Apr 2,2013Foundationitem:Foundation of Qingdao Science and Technology Bureau(No:04-2-JZ-96)From theDepartmentofOphthalmology,theNinthPeople’sHospitalofQingdao(NING Mei-Zhen,QIU Wei-Tao),Qingdao266002,ShandongProvince,China;DepartmentofOphthalmology,theAffiliatedHospitalofMedicalCollegeofQingdaoUniversity(YANG Xian,KONG Qing-Lan,LI Hui,CUI Cong-Xian),Qingdao266003,ShandongProvince,China
宁美真,杨先,孔庆兰,仇伟涛,李慧,崔从先.先天性颅神经异常支配眼病研究进展[J].眼科新进展,2014,34(11):94-97.
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10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2014.0026
修回日期:2013-04-02
本文编辑:付中静
Responsibleauthor:YANG Xian,E-mail:yangxian_zhao@126.com
[RecAdvOphthalmol,2014,34(1):94-97]