何晶晶,郑许松,徐红星,杨亚军,吕仲贤
(1.浙江省农业科学院植物保护与微生物研究所,杭州 310021;2.杭州师范大学生命与环境科学学院,杭州 310021)
黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Reuter)属半翅目、盲蝽科、嗜卵盲蝽属,是亚洲水稻产区稻飞虱和叶蝉的最重要捕食性天敌之一。它作为典型的杂食性天敌,不仅能捕食飞虱和叶蝉等害虫的卵及低龄若虫,还能兼性取食水稻汁液(Shepard et al.,1987)。农用投入品是农业生产过程中的生产资料,主要包括种子、化肥和农药等。上世纪六十年代的“绿色革命”浪潮以后,它们在世界粮食安全和解决人类温饱方面发挥了关键作用(Conway and Barbier,1990)。但是农用投入品改变了整个农业生态系统的结构和特性,如杀虫剂不仅可直接杀伤害虫,也可能直接或间接地伤害天敌,有的还可通过改善水稻植株的质量、影响节肢动物的数量和生态系统的群落结构而对天敌产生间接影响(吕仲贤等,2005)。本文综合国内外最新研究结果,论述了农用投入品对黑肩绿盲蝽在生物学和生态功能等方面的直接或间接影响,以期为提高稻田生态系统中充分发挥天敌的自然控制作用和水稻害虫治理过程中更合理有效地使用农用投入品提供科学依据。
在实验室条件下,黑肩绿盲蝽能在水稻以及禾本科杂草稗草Ecchinochloa glabrescens、千金子Leptochloa chinensis、马唐Digitaris ciliaris、狗牙根Cynodon dactylon 上生长繁殖,但在热带地区(菲律宾)的大田连续采样中证实它在稻田周围杂草地只能做短暂停留,水稻是黑肩绿盲蝽主要的产卵和栖息藏所(俞晓平等,1996)。
在自然情况下,植物的化学特征能直接或间接地通过改变植食性昆虫的空间分布、行为和质量等影响到昆虫天敌对植食性昆虫的控制能力(娄永根等,2001)。黑肩绿盲蝽在搜寻不同水稻品种上的褐飞虱卵时,对丙96-42、丙97-34、IR64和IR26 四个品种上的褐飞虱卵偏好性显著高于对照TN1,且其对几种水稻品种挥发物的反应与卵苗选择性结果相同;但是丙97-59 与TN1 对比时,黑肩绿盲蝽对两者卵苗无显著偏好,但更趋向TN1 的挥发物(Lou et al.,2001)。以不同抗性水平的5个水稻品种(IR64、IR26、TN1、丙97-34和丙97-59)为材料,娄永根等(2002)研究了以这5个品种上的褐飞虱为食料的黑肩绿盲蝽的生长、发育和繁殖,结果表明,黑肩绿盲蝽在丙97-59 上的生长发育繁殖各指标均比其他品种(IR64、IR26、TN1、丙97-34)上的低,且品种间存在显著差异,证明水稻品种影响猎物而影响到黑肩绿盲蝽的质与量。而在不同水稻品种上育出的黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的功能反应呈现显著的差异,丙97-59 上的黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应显著弱于其他品种,这表明不同的品种导致黑肩绿盲蝽捕食效率的差异(娄永根等,2001)。Myint 等(1986)也发现黑肩绿盲蝽在捕食抗性水稻品种上的叶蝉卵时,捕食量下降。因此,不同水稻品种能影响黑肩绿盲蝽的生长发育、繁殖及捕食能力,从而进一步影响其对害虫种群的控制能力。但是也有研究发现,水稻品种对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食褐飞虱若虫却几乎没有影响(Salim and Heinrichs,1986)。
随着生物技术的发展,转基因水稻的培育工作迅速发展,其对靶标害虫的控制优势随之体现,但对非靶标生物特别是对害虫天敌的潜在生态风险研究也成了人们关注的热点(Marvier,2007;Wolfenbarger et al.,2008;Naranjo,2009;Chen et al.,2011;Sanvido et al.,2011;Yu et al.,2011)。目前对黑肩绿盲蝽在转基因水稻的研究主要集中在对其安全性的评价上。结果显示,转Bar基因抗除草剂水稻Bar68-1 对黑肩绿盲蝽种群基本无影响(蒋显斌和肖国樱,2010),转CrylAb、cry1Ab/cry1Ac、cry2A、cry1C 基因Bt 水稻对黑肩绿盲蝽也无不利或显著影响(刘志诚等,2003;Chen et al.,2007;Han et al.,2011)。虽然迄今没有关于转基因水稻对黑肩绿盲蝽不利的报道,但已有的研究均为短期研究的结果,而转基因水稻对人类和生态系统的影响可能是长期的、持续的,有待进行长期的安全性评价。因黑肩绿盲蝽有兼性取食水稻的特性,转基因水稻对其直接取食的风险评价已引起了关注(高明清,2012),转基因水稻与黑肩绿盲蝽之间相互作用的研究有待进一步深入。
上世纪六十年代初掀起“绿色革命”的浪潮,为了提高水稻产量,农民大面积连续施用以氮肥为主的化学肥料。施用氮肥后不仅提高了水稻的生物量、改善了稻田植食性昆虫的营养条件,而且改变了天敌的生境及其对猎物或寄主的可获得性,最终影响水稻生态系统中节肢动物的食物网和食物链。稻田施用氮肥后飞虱的密度增加,黑肩绿盲蝽的数量也随之增加(Meerzainudeen and Kaeeem,1999;Preap et al.,2001;Lu et al.,2006a),但黑肩绿盲蝽的捕食功能也可能因此而受到影响(Walde,1995;Cortesero et al.,2000)。因此,稻株形态和生理的变化影响了水稻-害虫-天敌三者之间的关系(胡建章等,1986;Simpson et al.,1994;Schoenly et al.,1996;De Kraker et al.,2000;Preap,2001;Lu et al.,2004a,2004b,2006c),从而影响了天敌对害虫的自然控制功能。特别是黑肩绿盲蝽可以直接取食稻株汁液,肥料对黑肩绿盲蝽的影响更为明显。
施用氮肥后,IR64 稻株的形态学和组织学结构、生理学特性以及化学成份的变化,如叶冠增大、叶鞘变厚变软、稻株汁液及其氮含量增加等(Lu et al.,2004b),改变了挥发性物质和其它生物信息,从而增强了稻株对黑肩绿盲蝽的吸引力,提高了它在高氮稻株上取食和产卵的数量比率和对高氮稻株上褐飞虱卵的捕食偏好性(Lu et al.,2004a;2005b)。这可能与黑肩绿盲蝽既是植食者又是捕食者的特性有关,因为它在接近潜在的寄主植物时可以利用两种信息渠道,从而提高了对信息的利用率,即使寄主植物上没有猎物存在时它也能以稻株的汁液为食并完成生活史。但是,黑肩绿盲蝽对高氮稻株的选择特性不利于其对目标猎物的搜索和自然控制作用,田间稻株巨大的叶冠层和众多的信息源可能误导黑肩绿盲蝽对猎物的定向、搜索、接近和定位,从而降低了对目标猎物的捕食效率。黑肩绿盲蝽喜欢攻击产在稻株上部的褐飞虱卵(Song et al.,1995;Lu et al.,2004a),说明它对猎物的搜索是非随机的,在不同水稻品种上由于卵垂直分布型的不同而引起功能反应的差异更证明了这一结果(娄永根和程家安,2001)。褐飞虱在高氮稻株上主要将卵产在叶鞘底部,而在低氮稻株上则将卵产在叶鞘上部和叶片中脉内(吕仲贤等,2005a)。因此,在低氮稻株上黑肩绿盲蝽容易在稻株上部发现猎物,而在高氮稻株上则由于上部猎物密度的减低而导致搜索效率迅速下降,从而削弱了黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的功能反应(吕仲贤等,2005b)。黑肩绿盲蝽在高氮稻株上对猎物搜索速率的下降还可能与稻株的营养成分和其它化学物质的干扰有关,如伤流液和褐飞虱蜜露等均会影响黑肩绿盲蝽的搜索和捕食能力,从而影响了黑肩绿盲蝽对目标猎物的搜索效率(吕仲贤等,2005b)。显然,稻田过量施用氮肥对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食功能的影响是多方面的,植株的形态学变化直接干扰了黑肩绿盲蝽对猎物的搜索效率,植株的生理学变化不仅间接影响其搜索效率而且还可以通过植食性昆虫生态适应性的增加而降低其捕食能力。
涉及黑肩绿盲蝽研究的杀虫剂可分为两大类,分别是生物杀虫剂和化学杀虫剂,生物杀虫剂包括昆虫生长调节剂、抗生素、植物源杀虫剂三大类,化学杀虫剂包括氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类、酰胺类、新烟碱类、拟除虫菊酯类等(见表1)。生物杀虫剂对黑肩绿盲蝽较安全,如噻嗪酮(刘浩官等,1992;叶正襄等,1993;邱光等,1997;孙定炜等,2008)、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(张恒,2011)、薇甘菊乙醇提取物(钟平生等,2011)、印楝(Lakshmi et al.,1998)。而在化学杀虫剂中,只有氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽为安全级别(刘芳等,2009;李清,2010;曹炳宏等,2011);一些杀虫剂有降低捕食能力和种群增长率的负作用(王召等,2012;杨洪等,2012)。杀虫剂对黑肩绿盲蝽安全性评价大都以成虫为对象,然而不同虫态的黑肩绿盲蝽对杀虫剂的敏感性有差异。如氟硅菊酯和醚菊酯对若虫有强杀伤力,但对成虫及卵安全,敌敌畏对卵安全而对其余虫态则有强杀伤力(孙定炜等,2008)。在已经评价的所有杀虫剂中,只有噻嗪酮对黑肩绿盲蝽各虫态均安全。黑肩绿盲蝽成虫在吡虫啉亚致死剂量下对白背飞虱卵的捕食率降低(Widiarta 等,2001)。
杀虫剂对黑肩绿盲蝽的影响除了直接的毒杀外,还有间接的影响。由于杀虫剂的使用导致稻田靶标害虫的大量死亡,减少了天敌昆虫的猎物,而食物是影响昆虫生长发育、种群繁殖的重要因子,若在一段较长的时间内得不到替代猎物的补充,天敌种群数量将因食物缺乏而随之下降,因此,在必要时人为补充替代猎物对维持天敌种群非常重要(黄林茂等,2010)。
有研究表明除草剂扫弗特(Pretilachlor)、丁草胺(Butachlor)对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫有较大的杀伤作用,而快杀稗(Quinclorac)、乙草胺(Acetochlor)、苄嘧磺隆(Bensulfuron methyl)、稻福星(Anilofos+Bensulfuron methyl)、金秋(Nicosulfuron+Atrazine)对黑肩绿盲蝽的杀伤作用不显著;杀菌剂异稻瘟净(Iprobenfos)对黑肩绿盲蝽成虫有强杀伤力,甲基立枯磷(Tolclofos-methyl)、百菌清(Chlorothalonil)、叶枯灵(Saikuzuo)、多菌灵(Carbendazim)、井冈霉素(Validamycin)、三环唑(Tricyclazole)、叶青双(Bismerthlazol)对黑肩绿盲蝽杀伤作用不强(陈建明等,1999;Chen et al.,1999)。从已有的研究结果来看,除草剂及杀菌剂对黑肩绿盲蝽的直接影响普遍较小,这与黑肩绿盲蝽并非除草剂与杀菌剂的靶标生物有关。然而,除草剂与杀菌剂对黑肩绿盲蝽的间接影响却是不容忽视的。
表1 杀虫剂对黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性Table 1 Safety of insecticides on Cyrtorhinus lividipennis
(续上表)
有研究结果显示,水稻在经过丁草胺(Butachlor)和二氯喹啉酸(Quinclorac)处理后,其叶鞘内的游离氨基酸含量表现出明显的增加,蔗糖和总酚的含量均下降(袁树忠等,2001;程遐年等,2003),黑肩绿盲蝽作为杂食性昆虫,或会因取食生理状况变化了的水稻而在生理及行为受间接影响。杂草是稻田生态系统中的重要组成生境组成部分,与稻田生态系统间有密切的能量和物质交流。长期进行化学除草会改变稻田及周边的植物群落结构,直接影响到其中的植食性昆虫的种类和数量,进而影响到以这些植食性昆虫为食的天敌种类和数量(黄顶成等,2005)。大量研究结果证明,在化学除草后,群落中杂草种类和数量降低的同时也造成了天敌昆虫种类和数量的降低(Leius,1967;Hald et al.,1990;Haughton et al.,1999;巫厚长等,2001)。
基于黑肩绿盲蝽的生物学特性、农用投入品对黑肩绿盲蝽影响的国内外研究进展,可以将黑肩绿盲蝽、害虫及农用投入品之间存在相互作用关系总结成如图1 所示,某一因素的变化都会引起连锁反应而对黑肩绿盲蝽产生直接或间接的影响。由于黑肩绿盲蝽为杂食性捕食者,抗性水稻品种可以直接或间接影响其生长发育以及捕食能力。因此,抗性品种的选择上,在评价其对害虫抗性的同时也适当兼顾对天敌的可能影响,对于害虫防治是一个有益的参考。转基因水稻是农药概念的延伸,目前已有的安全性评价都是短期的,仅限于某个虫态或一个世代,尚未报道其对黑肩绿盲蝽的不利影响。但是否在转基因水稻上生活几代之后仍无不利影响,或是否转基因水稻会与其他环境因素,如高温、干旱等共同作用而产生不利影响的研究仍需进一步深入。
氮肥是现代农业作物产量的保证,但是氮肥的过量使用是普遍现象,稻田过量氮肥对主要害虫的种群有明显的促进作用(Preap et al.,2001;吕仲贤等,2006ab;Lu et al.,2006)。下一步的研究工作,需要对氮肥使用量和天敌的种群和控害能力之间作进一步细致的研究,以期找到作物产量和自然天敌效率之间的平衡值,找到氮肥使用的阈值。
图1 黑肩绿盲蝽与害虫及各农用投入品之间的关系Fig.1 The relationship between Cytorhinus lividipennis and pest and other agricultural inputs
研究已表明,杀虫剂对黑肩绿盲蝽有不同程度的影响,其对黑肩绿盲蝽的安全性因杀虫剂的种类和黑肩绿盲蝽所处的虫态不同而有明显差异,除草剂虽然对黑肩绿盲蝽的直接影响很小,但因为使用后破坏了植食性昆虫及一些天敌的天然庇护场所,从而不利于天敌种群的维持。因此,为了充分发挥天敌对害虫的控制作用,做到科学合理地用药,应当减少使用对天敌杀伤力强的杀虫剂,尽量避免在天敌的敏感阶段使用杀虫剂。
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