过去分词作表语和定语

2013-10-23 01:16朱章丹
高中生学习·高二版 2013年9期
关键词:修饰词被动语态分词

朱章丹

一、过去分词的基本概念

动词的-ed形式即传统语法中所说的过去分词,又称之为-ed分词,是一种非限定动词,规则动词的-ed形式由动词原形家词尾加-ed构成,也有不规则动词变化表。-ed形式一般表示被动和完成,只有一种形式,没有时态和语态的形式变化。

二、过去分词作表语的用法

作表语的-ed形式大多已转化为形容词,用来表示主语所处的状态,常见的这类-ed形式有:disappointed, astonished, excited, interested, satisfied, surprised, frightened, amazed, annoyed, exhausted, pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried, terrified等。例如:

She looked disappointed. 她看起来很失望。

I was not satisfied with the result. 我对这个结果不满意。

拓展 除了以上表示主语情感的形容词化的过去分词作表语外,也有一些常见的表状态的过去分词也可以作表语。例如:

He was lost in thought. 他陷入了沉思。

Tom was hidden in the tree while Jack was looking for him. 当杰克到处找汤姆的时候,他就躲在树上。

The library is usually closed at 5:00 in the afternoon. 图书馆通常下午5点关门。

Della said ,”My hair is gone for you.” 德拉说“我卖头发是为了你”。

These trees are machine planted. 这些树是机器种植的。

When the singer came in, the guests were all seated. 歌唱家进来的时候,客人们都已就坐。

辨析 过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:被动语态表示一个具体的动作,过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。例如:

We were amused by his story and burst out laughing. 我们被他的故事逗乐了,大笑起来。

We were amused to learn that he had made a foolish mistake. 听到他犯了个愚蠢的错误,我们都觉得好笑。(过去分词作表语)

The window was broken. 窗子被打碎了。(过去分词作表语)

The street is crowded with people. 街上挤满了人。(状态)

They were crowded with room. 他们被塞到一间屋子里。(动作)

注意 过去分词作表语时,连系动词除了be外,还可以用get, become, grow, turn等,而被动语态则无此用法。例如:

We became/got excited. (正)

We got excited by his words. (误)

We were excited by his words. (正)

三、过去分词作定语的用法

过去分词作定语时,常表示动作发生的时间早于谓语动词,或者没有一定的时间性,只表示被动关系,单独的分词作定语时可以放在所修饰词的前面,也可置于其后,过去分词短语修饰名词时,通常置于所修饰名词之后。例如:

The question discussed is very important. 被讨论的那个问题是很重要的。

I dont like to see letter written in pencil. 我不喜欢看用铅笔写的字。

The reduced price will save you one dollar for each dozen. 降价会使你每买一打省一美元。

Lost time is lost forever. 失去的时间就永远失去了。

注意 过去分词作定语时,如果是单个的过去分词或带副词的过去分词放于所修饰的词的前面时,过去分词具有形容词的特点。例如:

a broken window 一扇打碎了的窗子

a newly invented machine 新发明的机器

a widely used metal 一种广泛使用的金属

a recently built house 一幢最近建造的房子

拓展 如果被修饰的词是由some\any\no\+thing\body\one所形成的不定代词或指示代词those等时,即使一个单一的分词作形容词用,也要放在被修饰词之后。例如:

Is there anything unsolved? 还有什么问题没解决么?

There is nothing almost changed since I left the town 2 years ago. 自从我两年前离开这个镇以来,这个镇几乎没有什么变化。

注意 有时为了强调,还可以将单一的分词置于被修饰名词之后。例如:

They decided to change the material used. 他们决定改变所用的原材料。

The experience gained will be of great value to us. 得到的经验将对我们很有价值。

练习

1.______________________are harmful to peoples health. (pollute)

污染的空气和水对人们的身体有害。

2. The problem _____________________ was very difficult to solve. (discuss)

昨天在会上讨论的问题很难解决。

3. She walked out of the room,_____________________ .

她走出房间,她的小女儿跟着。

4._____________________ , the competitor dared to face the challenge, (defeat)

尽管多次被打败,那位参赛者仍然敢于面对挑战。

5. people _____________________ high levels of radiation for a long time are likely to develop severe illnesses. (expose)

长期置身于高强度辐射的人很有可能会患上一些严重的疾病。

参考答案

1. Polluted air and water

2. discussed at the meeting yesterday

3. followed by her little daughter

4. Defeated for several times/Having been defeated for several times

5. (who are) exposed to

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