现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别

段荣荣

现在分词（动词-ing形式）和过去分词的主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）。

一、现在分词和过去分词作定语的用法

单个的分词放在所修饰的名词前（少数动词除外），分词短语放在所修饰的名词后。作定语的现在分词和过去分词的区别在于：现在分词与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是主动关系，现在分词表示动作正在发生或与谓语同时发生；过去分词与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是被动关系，过去分词的动作发生在谓语之前或没有时间性。有一点要指出的是：现在分词的被动式既表进行，又表被动。

1. 前置定语

（1）现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。二者都表主动。

the rising sun正在升起的太阳

the risen sun已经升起的太阳

developing countries发展中国家

developed countries发达国家

the boiling water正在沸腾的水

the boiled water已经烧开的水

（2）现在分词表主动或进行，过去分词表被动。

remaining money 剩下的钱

working people劳动人民____________

a sleeping child一个睡着的孩子

written English书面英语

a man-made satellite人造卫星

a newly-built school新修的学校

the exciting news令人激动的消息

the excited people感到激动的人们

a puzzling problem令人迷惑的问题

a puzzled look感到迷惑的表情

2.后置定语

（1）现在分词的主动式表主动或进行；过去分词在语态上表被动，在时间上或表过去发生，或表没有时间性。

There are 20 people working for the project. 有20人参与这个项目。

The man standing there is our teacher. 站在那里的那个人是我们的老师。

There are some more events added to the Olympics. 有新的项目已被加到奥运会上。

I dont like the composition written in pencil. 我不喜欢铅笔写的作文。（没有时间性）

（2）现在分词的被动式既表进行，又表被动。

The library being built in the east of the city will be put into use next year. 正在城东修建的图书馆将于明年交付使用。

比较：

The library built in the east of the city last year attracts many readers. 去年城东修建的图书馆吸引了很多读者。

二、实例分析

例1 The flowers _________sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

A. to smell B. smelling

C. smelt____________ D. to be smelt

解析 答案选B。“发出香味”与“吸引游客”是同时发生的，排除表示将来的不定式，即A和D；又因为the flowers与smell （发出……味）是主动关系，所以用现在分词短语作定语。

例2 Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV； there are pictures____________in your mind instead of before your eyes.

A. to form B. form

C. forming D. having formed

解析 答案选C。form作“出现、产生”解，是不及物动词，pictures与form是主动关系，用现在分词作定语，表示“图画出现”与“有”同时发生。注意：这与表示“有……要……”的不定式不同。

例3 The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the .

A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain

C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars

解析 答案选D。remain 是不及物动词，其过去分词无被动含义，用remaining （剩下的）作定语，修饰20 dollars。remaining 20 dollars =20 dollars left

例4 Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company，____________as 3M.

A. knowing B. known

C. being known D. to be known

解析 答案选B。因为the ... company与know是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作定语，known as 3M = which was known as 3M。

例5 The picture____________ on the wall is painted by my nephew.

A. having hung B. hanging

C. hangs____________ D. being hung

解析 答案选B。hang作“某物悬挂 / 吊在某处”解，是不及物动词，the picture与hang是主动关系，用hanging作定语。

例6 The disc， digitally in the studio， sounded fantastic at the party that night.

A. recorded B. recording

C. to be recorded D. having recorded

解析 答案选A。the disc与record是被动关系，且record发生在谓语sounded之前，而不是之后，所以不用不定式，而用过去分词作定语。

例7 The first textbooks____________for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16 th century.

A. having written B. to be written

C. being written D. written

解析 答案选D。textbooks与write是被动关系，且write发生在谓语came out（出版）之前，而不是之后，所以不用不定式，而要用过去分词作定语。

练习

1. The old farmer，____________the badly-injured and wounded soldier， came out of the burning house，____________for help.

A. supporting； calling

B. supported by； called

C. being supported by； called

D. being supporting； called

2. — Oh， its already a quarter past six. What shall we do at the meeting this evening？

— Well go on with the matter____________this afternoon.

A. be discussed B. being discussing

C. discussed D. which discussed

3. The brave man died，____________his young wife nothing but a____________cottage.

A. left； breaking B. leaving； broken

C. left； broken D. to leave； breaking

4. Linda cant attend the party____________at Toms house at present because she is preparing a speech for the party____________at Maries house tomorrow.

A. being held； to be held

B. to be held； held

C. held； being held

D. to be held； to be held

5. The____________situation made everyone feel____________ about what to do next.

A. puzzled； puzzled B. puzzling； puzzling

C. puzzling； puzzled D. puzzled； puzzling

6. Id like to apply for the job as a sales manger of your company____________in China Daily dated August 8.

A. advertising B. advertised

C. having advertised D. being advertised

参考答案

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