裴福萍,叶轶凡,王 枫,曹花花,路思明,杨德彬
1.吉林大学地球科学学院,长春 130061
2.河北省地矿局第四地质大队,河北 承德 067000
对全球前寒武纪造山带及裂谷带的研究表明,在罗迪尼亚超大陆存在之前,古-中元古代时期曾存在另一个超大陆,Rogers和Santosh[1]将其命名为哥伦比亚超大陆(Columbia supercontinent)。该超大陆是在1.9~1.5Ga由Nena、Ur和Atlantic等多个块体通过逐步汇聚而形成的,从1.5Ga开始哥伦比亚超大陆逐步裂解。尽管目前对华北板块在哥伦比亚超大陆中的构造位置还存在分歧,但大部分学者认为华北板块是哥伦比亚超大陆的一部分[1-7],华北板块1.9Ga 左右的吕梁-中条造山运动以及其后的裂解和增生事件是该认识的主要证据[1,8-13]。然而华北板块上代表引张环境的大量元古代地质事件的形成时限为1.8~1.6Ga,这明显早于哥伦比亚超大陆主体裂解时限(1.5~1.2 Ga)[1,14-19]。目前仅在燕山-太行山地区雾迷山组中发现了与北美等地基性岩墙群形成时代相近的1.35Ga的镁铁质岩墙群[20],由此可见,华北板块中元古代岩浆作用期次及空间分布是确定元古宙华北板块与哥伦比亚超大陆构造演化历史及其关系的首要科学问题。吉林通化地区分布着众多不同走向的基性-超基性岩墙(脉),这为研究华北板块伸展作用的期次提供了前提条件。作者在对吉林通化地区辉绿岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究过程中,发现该区存在中元古代基性岩墙;并在此基础上对该基性岩进行了地球化学的研究,该项研究对于华北板块前寒武纪构造演化历史的研究以及哥伦比亚超大陆的重建具有重要意义。
吉林通化地区位于华北板块北东缘,南部为北东东向展布的辽吉古元古代造山带(图1)。研究区内以新太古代-古元古代变质基底岩石的产出为特征,新元古代-古生代以稳定的地台型沉积为主,中生代产出大面积火山岩和花岗岩类[21,23]。通化地区分布着许多走向北东、南北及北西向的基性、中性和酸性岩墙群(岩株或岩脉),局部见有中酸性岩脉(墙)切穿基性岩脉(墙)的现象(图1)。前人曾将通化地区分布较广的基性岩墙(岩株或岩脉)的形成时代定为古元古代和早白垩世[24-25]。
笔者所研究的辉绿岩墙宽约10m,走向北东,侵入于新太古代变质基底岩石中。辉绿岩新鲜面呈墨绿色,细粒辉长辉绿结构,块状构造,主要矿物成分由透辉石(30%)和斜长石(60%)组成,次要矿物由碱性长石(3%)、黑云母(5%)和石英(1%)组成,并有少量的磁铁矿和磷灰石等副矿物(图2)。
样品用浮选和电磁选方法进行分选,再在双目镜下挑选出晶形和透明度较好的锆石颗粒,将它们粘贴在环氧树脂表面,再对其进行抛光露出锆石表面,然后在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所进行反射光、透射光和阴极发光显微照相。通过对反射光、透射光和阴极发光图像分析,选择吸收程度均匀和特征明显的不同区域进行分析。锆石U-Pb同位素分析在西北大学大陆动力学国家重点实验室的LA-ICP-MS仪器上用标准测定程序进行,采用国际标准锆石91500作为外标校正,以保证标准和样品的仪器条件完全一致。激光束的束斑为32μm。将实验获得的数据进行同位素比值的校正,以扣除普通Pb的影响。所给定的同位素比值和年龄误差(标准偏差)在1σ水平。详细的实验原理和流程见文献[26]。样品的主微量元素分析分别在中国科学院贵阳地球化学研究所和中国地质大学地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室采用XRF荧光光谱分析和ICP-MS分析法完成。
图1 研究区大地构造位置(a)及基性岩分布略图(b)Fig.1 Geological map of Tonghua region(a)showing the distribution of basic rocks(b)
图2 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩镜下显微照片Fig.2 Photomicrographs(crossed polarized light)of the Mesoproterozoic diabase from Tonghua region
通化地区辉绿岩中的锆石以自形为主,具有岩浆成因的生长环带(图3),并具有较高的w(Th)((50.6~347)×10-6)、w(U)((81.2~765.0)×10-6)和Th/U值(0.21~1.45)(表1)。从表2和图4中可以看出,锆石具有轻稀土亏损、重稀土相对富集以及正Ce异常和负Eu异常的特征,稀土总量为(373~1 303)×10-6。上述特点暗示所分析的锆石为岩浆锆石[27]。锆石7个分析点的207Pb/206Pb同位素年龄为1 254~1 463Ma,构成一条不一致线,其上交点年龄为(1 244±28)Ma(图5),该年龄代表了辉绿岩的形成时代。
吉林通化地区辉绿岩的w(SiO2)为49.3%~49.5%,Mg#值[Mg2+/(Mg2++Fe2+)]为42.2~42.6,全碱 w(K2O+Na2O)为4.22%~4.43%,Na2O/K2O 值 为 2.10~1.89,w(TFe2O3)为13.6%~14.1%,属于拉斑玄武岩系列(表3)。微量元素具有轻稀土及大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th和U)相对富集、重稀土相对亏损[(La/Yb)N=12.3~12.9],以及弱的Eu和Sr的正异常,后者暗示少量斜长石堆晶作用的存在(图6,7)。与原始地幔相比,其微量元素含量明显偏高。通化地区辉绿岩的微量元素特征明显不同于与俯冲作用有关的基性岩以及研究区早白垩世基性岩[21-22,30-32]。
前人曾根据全岩Rb-Sr法、全岩K-Ar法和锆石U-Pb法对吉林通化地区部分岩墙进行过定年工作,并将其时代确定为古元古代和早白垩世[24-25]。本文辉绿岩中锆石具有岩浆成因的生长环带(图3),并具有较高的Th/U值以及岩浆成因的稀土元素分配特征,暗示它们为岩浆锆石,因而所测得的年龄((1 244±28)Ma)应该代表了该辉绿岩的形成时代,同时说明通化地区存在中元古代的基性岩浆事件。该年龄与北美等地1.3~1.2Ga的基性岩墙群的形成时代相一致[1],同时,也与华北板块北缘中元古代雾迷山组辉绿岩墙的形成时代相似[20]。结合已有的定年结果可以看出,通化地区的岩墙至少形成于两期:中元古代和早白垩世[22,25],这与该区基性岩墙具有不同产状相吻合,即该区基性岩墙存在走向为北东、北北东、南北和北北西4种产状(图1)。
表1 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩中LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果Table1 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating data for the Mesoproterozoic diabase from Tonghua region
表2 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩(CB16-1)中锆石稀土元素分析结果Table2 Rare earth element data for the zircons of the Mesoproterozoic diabase(CB16-1)from Tonghua region wB/10-6
表3 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩的主量和微量元素地球化学分析结果Table3 Major and trace elements analyzed results of the Mesoproterozoic diabase from Tonghua region
辉绿岩应主要来源于地幔物质的部分熔融,因而其地球化学特征反映了地幔的性质。通化地区中元古代辉绿岩具有较低的w(SiO2)(49.3%~49.5%)以及较高的w(TFe2O3)(13.6% ~14.1%),属于拉斑玄武岩系列,说明该辉绿岩来源于岩石圈地幔较高程度的部分熔融。另外辉绿岩的Ba/Nb(15.8~17.3)和La/Nb(1.15~1.20)介于洋岛玄武岩和弧火山岩之间(图8)[33],并具有弱的Ti正异常,暗示该辉绿岩的原始岩浆中存在软流圈地幔的组分。其中LREEs和LILEs的富集以及弱的Nb和Ta负异常暗示源区可能遭受了陆壳物质的改造。因此,该辉绿岩应形成于拉张环境,由于软流圈地幔上涌提供热源,引起岩石圈地幔高程度的部分熔融。
图3 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩中部分锆石CL图像特征Fig.3 Cathodoluminescence(CL)images of zircons from the Mesoproterozoic diabase from Tonghua region
图4 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩中锆石稀土配分图解Fig.4 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the analyzed zircons of the Mesoproterozoic diabase from Tonghua region
图5 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩U-Pb谐和图Fig.5 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordia diagram for the Mesoproterozoic diabase from Tonghua region
图6 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩稀土配分图解Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the Mesoproterozoic diabase from Tonghua region
图7 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩微量元素蛛网图Fig.7 Primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram for the Mesoproterozoic diabase from Tonghua region
前人在对华北板块北缘古-中元古代构造演化历史研究过程中,曾发现中元古代岩浆事件的存在,但由于当时所采用的定年方法多是K-Ar和40Ar/39Ar法,从而使定年结果的可靠性受到限制[10,15,34]。通化地区中元古代辉绿岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果及地球化学特征显示其形成于强烈的伸展环境,结合华北北缘雾迷山组中1.35Ga辉绿岩墙群的存在,可以判定华北板块北缘中元古代镁铁质岩墙群的分布较为广泛,中元古代时期华北北缘处于强烈的伸展环境,而这一时期恰恰与哥伦比亚超大陆的裂解时间相对应[5,20]。因此,笔者认为华北板块应是古元古代-中元古代哥伦比亚超大陆的组成部分[1-2],经历了古元古代(2.1~1.8Ga)中央造山带和古辽吉造山带的碰撞造山作用,以及随后的1.8~1.7 Ga的造山后伸展作用[18,35]。华北板块以及全球1.3~1.2Ga的岩浆事件标志着哥伦比亚超大陆的最终裂解[1,5]。
图8 通化地区中元古代辉绿岩Ba/Nb-La/Nb图解(引自John Bor-ming等[33],略有修改)Fig.8 Ba/Nb vs.La/Nb plot of the Mesoproterozoic diabase from Tonghua region(modified after John et al.[33])
基于通化地区中元古代辉绿岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果以及全岩地球化学特征,得出以下结论:
1)锆石的形态、CL图像及微量元素特征显示,所测锆石为岩浆锆石。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,通化地区中元古代辉绿岩的形成时代为(1 244±28)Ma。
2)通化地区中元古代辉绿岩属于拉斑玄武岩系列,其原始岩浆起源于岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,并有软流圈组分的涉入。
3)通化地区中元古代辉绿岩形成于强烈拉张环境,结合前人研究成果,认为华北板块为哥伦比亚超大陆的一部分,其北缘广泛发育的1.3~1.2Ga的岩浆事件与哥伦比亚超大陆的最终裂解有关。
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