李亚琳
新城疫病毒对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化的抑制作用研究
李亚琳
目的观察新城疫病毒(NDV)对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化的抑制作用。方法昆明小鼠腹腔注射CCl4/花生油溶液,每周2次,连续8周,制作肝纤维化模型。最后一次CCl4注射后3d由尾静脉注射NDV 1次或3次,每次注射间隔24h,注射完毕24h后处死动物。取出肝脏进行大体形态观察,行HE和天狼猩红染色观察肝组织病理学改变,Western blotting检测肝组织中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达。结果CCl4诱导8周后,小鼠肝脏出现明显纤维化表现,可见肝脏质硬、表面粗糙不平、大量密集分布的白色点状斑块。HE染色显示纤维化肝脏组织结构松散,窦周隙增大。天狼猩红染色显示胶原异常沉积。而NDV注射3次后,小鼠肝脏表面白色斑点显著减少,胶原沉积降低。Western blotting结果表明,α-SMA表达水平随NDV注射次数增加而降低。结论NDV能有效抑制CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化的发生发展。
新城疫病毒;肝硬化,实验性;四氯化碳
新城疫病毒(newcastle disease virus,NDV)是单股负链RNA病毒,属副黏病毒科,具有天然的在肿瘤细胞中选择性复制的特点[1-2]。1976年,McGregor等[3]报道了NDV能够在活化的T细胞中复制,并导致活化T细胞死亡。Fábián等[4]也报道了NDV能在转化的细胞中高效复制。本课题组前期研究发现NDV能够在活化的肝星状细胞(hepatic stem cells,HSC)中高效复制,并抑制HSC活化[5]。本研究以此为基础,建立小鼠肝纤维化模型,探讨NDV在体内逆转小鼠肝纤维化的作用。
1.1 实验动物及主要试剂 昆明小鼠购于第四军医大学动物实验中心,体重约20g;鼠抗人α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)一抗(英国Abcam公司);鸡抗NDV一抗和兔抗鸡IgY-FITC二抗(美国USBiological公司);羊抗鼠Alexa Fluor 594-IgG二抗(美国Invitrogen公司)。
1.2 小鼠肝纤维化模型建立及分组 30只小鼠随机分成生理盐水(PS)对照组和CCl4组,每组15只。CCl4组小鼠按1ml/kg腹腔注射100μl CCl4/花生油溶液(20%,V/V),每周2次,连续注射8周,以形成完全的肝纤维化。对照组注射等量PS。每组再分3个亚组,即PS组(腹腔注射PS)、NDV1组(最后一次CCl4注射后3d通过尾静脉注射1000HU NDV,200μl)和NDV2组(最后一次CCl4注射后3d按上述剂量,每间隔24h注射NDV 1次,共3次),每组5只。所有小鼠均在NDV注射完成后24h处死。
1.3 大体形态观察及组织切片染色 小鼠处死后,解剖取出肝脏,肉眼观察大体形态。组织样品依次用4%甲醛溶液固定,梯度乙醇脱水,石蜡包埋后切成4μm厚的切片,切片进一步经过脱蜡、水化,行常规HE和天狼猩红染色。
1.4 Western blotting检测肝组织中α-SMA的表达取新鲜肝组织50mg,加入400μl RIPA裂解液,冰上匀浆2~3min,4℃下12 000r/min离心10min,取上清分装后-80℃保存备用。根据试剂盒说明采用BCA蛋白定量法测定蛋白浓度。每个样品取50μg总蛋白上样并行SDS-PAGE电泳,转至PVDF膜;用5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭2h,加鼠抗人α-SMA一抗(1:100稀释)4℃孵育过夜;用TBST在摇床上洗膜4次,每次5min;加入辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的羊抗鼠二抗(1:5000稀释),室温孵育1h;TBST洗膜4次,每次10min;采用ECL发光试剂盒检测蛋白条带。
2.1 小鼠肝脏大体观察 正常肝脏表面光滑、柔软,颜色呈深棕色,可见肝组织中较丰富的小血管(图1A)。CCl4诱导8周后,小鼠肝脏稍微偏大、变硬,表面粗糙且有大量白色点状病变结节(图1B)。经尾静脉注射NDV 1次后,肝脏表面的纤维化表现稍有减轻,连续注射NDV 3次后,肝脏表面变光滑,点状白色病变减少并变弱,纤维化表现明显减轻(图1C)。
图1 NDV对CCl4诱导的小鼠肝纤维化的抑制作用Fig.1 Depressant effects of NDV on hepatic fibrosis of mice induced by CCl4
2.2 肝组织中胶原纤维的变化 如图2所示,对照组小鼠仅在血管周围有少量胶原纤维。CCl4诱导8周后,小鼠肝组织中的胶原纤维明显增多,不仅在血管周围,而且在新形成的假小叶组织中也出现大量的胶原纤维。注射NDV 3次后,这些诱导出现的胶原纤维急剧减少(图2)。
图2 肝组织胶原纤维的天狼猩红染色Fig.2 Sirius red staining of hepatic collagen fibers of mouse
2.3 肝组织α-SMA的表达 Western blotting检测结果显示,CCl4诱导8周后小鼠肝组织中有大量α-SMA表达;注射1次NDV后,α-SMA表达明显减少;注射3次NDV后,组织中仅有少量α-SMA表达。未经诱导以及注射了3次NDV的对照组中均未检测到α-SMA表达(图3)。
图3 Western blotting 检测肝组织中α-SMA的表达Fig.3 Expression of α-SMA detected by Western blotting
体外实验证实,NDV能在活化的LX-2细胞中复制,导致活化细胞死亡,从而达到抑制HSC活化的目的[5]。靶向HSC的纤维化治疗已经成为当前的研究热点[6-7]。本研究将体外模型运用到体内,采用CCl4诱导小鼠肝纤维化,通过尾静脉注射NDV,观察NDV在体内抑制HSC活化并逆转小鼠肝纤维化的作用。
本研究小鼠肝脏大体观察表明,NDV注射明显地逆转了已经形成的肝纤维化,肝脏外观形态改善显著。组织中胶原纤维的沉积是肝纤维化的主要特征,采用天狼猩红染色法检测组织中胶原纤维的含量,结果表明NDV注射后纤维化组织中沉积的胶原纤维明显减少。
α-SMA表达是HSC活化的标志,也是评估肝纤维化程度的重要指标之一[8-11]。Western blotting结果显示,在未用CCl4诱导的小鼠肝组织中检测不到α-SMA表达,而CCl4诱导后小鼠肝组织中α-SMA表达量明显上调。随着NDV注射次数的增加,α-SMA的表达呈下降趋势。该结果与肝脏形态观察以及天狼猩红染色结果一致,均表明NDV能够逆转已经形成的肝纤维化。
有报道显示,NDV感染能引起小鼠和鸡强烈而持久的免疫反应[12-13]。本研究中小鼠纤维化模型实验结果也显示NDV确实能够在体内抑制肝纤维化的发生发展,而且比其在体外实验中对活化HSC的抑制效果更明显,这可能是因为在体内NDV的感染刺激了机体本身的免疫系统,使其活性大大增加,从而加强了自身免疫系统抗纤维化的能力。由于NDV天然的溶瘤特性,其在活化HSC中的复制促进了活化细胞的死亡,明显降低了活化HSC的增殖、分泌细胞外基质(ECM)等生物学能力,从而起到逆转肝纤维化、控制肝纤维化进程的作用。
NDV的这种选择性在非正常的转化细胞以及活化细胞中复制的特性,为其作为生物工具用于疾病治疗提供了一个安全而有效的平台。然而,本研究利用NDV在活化HSC中高效复制的特点而将其用于肝纤维化治疗的研究只是一个初探,其具体机制还有待进一步深入研究。
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Inhibitory effect of Newcastle disease virus on hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4
LI Ya-lin
College of Chemistry and Life Science, Weinan Normal College, Weinan, Shaanxi 714000, China,
This work was supported by the Education Department of Shaanxi Province Foundation(009KJ427)and Weinan Normal College Foundation (10YKZ054)
ObjectiveTo explore the inhibitory effect of Newcastle diseases virus (NDV) on CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice.MethodsLiver fibrosis model was reproduced in 30 Kunming mice by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4/peanut oil solution for 2 times a week, and the total treatment lasted for 8 weeks. Three days after last injection, NDV was injected through tail vein for 1 or 3 times (24h intervals). Twenty-four hours after NDV infusion, mice were sacrificed and the livers were removed for gross morphology observation. The liver tissue sections were stained by HE and Sirius red dyeing. α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was detected by Western blotting.ResultsAfter CCl4induction for 8 weeks, obvious fibrosis symptoms appeared in the liver of model mice, and the surface of liver tissue became hard with rough, with white patches on it. HE staining showed that there was loosening of tissue and enlarged perisinusoidal spaces in liver with fibrosis. Sirius red dyeing displayed abnormal collagen deposition in the fibrotic liver tissues. After NDV injection for 3 times, white spots on the surface of mouse liver were significantly reduced, and collagen deposition was lowered. Western blotting showed that α-SMA levels decreased with increasing frequency of NDV injection.ConclusionNDV may effectively suppress the development of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice.
newcastle disease virus; liver cirrhosis, experimental; carbon tetrachloride
R575.2
A
0577-7402(2013)11-0885-03
10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2013.11.003
2013-07-27;
2013-09-22)
(责任编辑:熊晓然)
陕西省教育厅资助项目(009JK427);渭南师范学院基金资助项目(10YKZ054)
李亚琳,医学博士,副教授。主要从事肿瘤生物治疗方面的研究
714000 陕西渭南 渭南师范学院化学与生命科学学院(李亚琳)