地胆草属药用植物研究进展

2013-05-17 00:44王建军刘宇婧徐家星王业玲龙春林
天然产物研究与开发 2013年3期
关键词:倍半萜内酯提取物

王建军,刘宇婧,徐家星,2,王 敖,王业玲,龙春林,3*

1中央民族大学,北京100081;2云南农业大学;3中国科学院昆明植物研究所,昆明650201

菊科地胆草属(Elephantopus)植物全球约30余种,大部分产于美洲,少数种分布于热带非洲、亚洲及大洋洲;仅地胆草(E.scaberL.)和白花地胆草(E.tomentosusL.)2个种分布于我国华南和西南部。该属植物为多年生坚硬草本,被柔毛。叶互生,头状花序多数,密集成团球状复头状花序,复头状花序基部被数个叶状苞片所包围,具坚硬的花序梗,在茎和枝端单生或排列成伞房状,具数个花;总苞圆柱形或长圆柱形,稍压扁;总苞片2层,覆瓦状,交叉对生,长圆形,顶端急尖或具小刺尖。花托小,无毛;花全部两性,同形,结实,花冠管状。花药顶端短尖,基部短箭形,具钝耳;花柱分枝丝状,被微毛,顶端钻形;瘦果长圆形,顶端截形,具10条肋,被短柔;冠毛1层,具5条硬刚毛,基部宽扁;该属的模式种为地胆草(E.scarberL.)[1]。该属的几个种被多个国家作为传统药物使用并记载,早在上世纪六十年代已有人从地胆草中分离得到具有抗肿瘤作用的倍半萜烯双内酯成分 Elephantin 和 Elephantopin[2],随着研究的深入,从该属植物中分离得到的倍半萜烯内酯类成分不断增多,人们进一步开展了对该属多个物种不同成分生物活性的检验与分析。

1 地胆草属植物的传统利用

该属植物在美、亚、非以及大洋洲均有分布,不同种类的各个部位在10多个国家或地区被用于治疗不同的疾病,但不同国家或地区的药用方法有所不同。详细信息见表1。

在地胆草属的30多种植物中,有4种是最常用的传统药物,它们分别是E.scaberL.,E.mollisL.,E.spicatusAubl.和E.tomentosusL.。其用法也因地而异,主要有煎服和捣碎外敷两种方法。虽然各地区对该属的不同物种用法不同,但在用途方面却有极大的相似性。比如,印度和尼日利亚都将该属植物用于关节炎症,而台湾、老挝、泰国均将其用作止咳药。综合上述信息,该属植物多具有抗菌消炎的作用,主要用于治疗呼吸系统疾病、胃肠道疾病和泌尿系统等疾病。

在发展中国家,传统用药方式是基础医疗体系的重要组成部分[31],基于植物的传统知识已经成为搜寻新药与食物的公认工具[32],对于地胆草属植物药用的传统知识,需要进行更多的科学研究,以进一步检验与验证其传统知识的正确性和有效性。

表1 地胆草属植物的传统利用Table 1 Traditional uses of Elephantopus

2 化学成分研究

2.1 倍半萜烯内酯类(sesquiterpene lactone)化合物

倍半萜烯内酯是一类无色、具苦味且相对稳定的亲脂性成分,起始于反-反-焦磷酸法尼酯(trans,trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate),经最初的环化反应和氧化修饰而成[33]。其基本类型依据碳环骨架的不同可分为 A.Germacranolides,B.Eudesmanolides,C.Eremophilanolides,D.Guaianolides,E.Pseudoguaiano-lides和 F.Xanthanolides 六种类型[34],其结构见图1。菊科作为一个包括17个族、82个亚族的大科,倍半萜烯内酯类成分在其大约1500个属中广泛存在,而现在已知的倍半萜烯内酯类化合物大约有4000个[35]。继上世纪60年代分离得到elephantin和elephantopin之后,70年代中期 molephantin,molephantinin和phantomolin也作为细胞毒性物质从E.mollis中分离得到[36]。迄今为止,从地胆草属中共分离得到的倍半萜烯内酯类化合物已有29个,具体信息见表2和图2。

图1 倍半萜烯内酯类成分的主要结构类型Fig.1 Themain structure types of sesquiterpene lactone

表2 地胆草属中倍半萜烯内酯类化合物Table 2 Sesquiterpene lactone compounds from Elephantopus

25 2,5-epoxy-2β-hydroxy-8α-(2-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4(15),10(14),11(13)-gemacratrien-12,6α-olide A E.mollis 50 26 Phantomolin A E.mollis 36,51 27 2β-Methoxy-2-deethoxy-phantomolin A E.mollis 52 28 2β-Methoxy-2-deethoxy-8-O-deacylphantomolin-8-O-tiglinate A E.mollis 52 29 Elescaberin A E.scaber 53 30 8-[4-Hydroxytigloyloxy]-preeupatundin D E.mollis 68 31 8-[4-Hydroxytigloyloxy]-5-desoxy-8-desacyleuparotin D E.mollis 68 32 2,5-epoxy-2β-hydroxy-8α-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)-4(15),10(14),11(13)-germacratrien-1-2,6α-olide D E.mollis 54 33 (4βH)-8α-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)-2-oxo-1(5),10(14),11(13)-guaiatrien-12,6α-olide D E.mollis 54 34 (4βH)-5α-hydroxy-8α-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)-1(10),11(13)-guaiadiene-12,6α-olide D E.mollis 54

图2 倍半萜烯内酯类化合物的结构Fig.2 The structure of sesquiterpene lactone compounds

2.2 其他类化合物

迄今为止,从地胆草属植物中发现的化合物结构类型除倍半萜烯内酯类之外还分离得到了27个其他结构类型的化合物;其中三萜类化合物10个,黄酮类4个,二咖啡酸类3个,甾醇类2个以及其他类型的8个化合物。其中二咖啡酸类化合物,如3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid,4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid 及 1α,2β-O-dicaffeoylcyclopentan-3β-ol等,因其存在多酚羟基结构,故该类化合物具有良好的抗氧化功能。各化合物的具体信息见表3和图3;

表3 地胆草属中其他类型化合物Table 3 Other compounds(excluding sesquiterpene lactone)from Elephantopus

图3 地胆草属其他类型化合物结构Fig.3 The structures of other compounds(excluding sesquiterpene lactone)from Elephantopus

3 生物活性研究

经系统研究证明,地胆草属植物具有抑菌、抗病毒及原虫和抗肿瘤等多种生物学活性。

3.1 抑菌作用

地胆草(E.scarber)的水提物对变异链球菌S.mutansMT5091(serotype c)和S.mutansOMZ 176(serotype d)均有较强的抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为 7.8、15.6 mg/mL[61];对抗酸性草分枝杆菌M.phlei,石膏样小孢子菌M.gypseum以及须癣毛癣菌T.mentagrophytes真菌也具有较强的抑制作用[62]。而其叶子和茎的80%乙醇提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌B.subtilis、金黄色葡萄球菌S.aureus、大肠杆菌E.coli和铜绿假单胞菌P.aeruginosa的生长也同样具有抑制作用[63]。

3.2 抗病毒活性及抗原虫活性

地胆草中分离得到的 1α,2β-O-dicaffeoylcyclopentan-3β-ol等二咖啡酸类物质,经细胞病变(CPE)抑制试验证明该化合物对呼吸道合胞体病毒(RSV)具有良好的抑制活性(IC50=0.63μg/mL),较利巴韦林(IC50=1.50μg/mL)对 RSV的抑制作用更强[60];其全草的甲醇提取物在200μg/mL在紫外线存在的条件下对小儿麻痹症病毒(polio virus)具有抑制作用,在浓度为100μg/mL时对辛德毕斯病毒(Sindbis)也同样具有抑制作用;E.mollis叶子的二氯甲烷提取物对杜氏利什曼原虫L.donovani有很强的抑制活性(IC50=0.6μg/mL),它对恶性疟原虫P.falciparum及罗得西亚布氏锥虫T.bruceirhodesiense 具有高选择抗性[64,65]。

3.3 抗肿瘤活性

E.mollis的乙酸乙酯提取物通过caspase-3依赖途径能够显著诱导肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡,其最低EC50为9.38 ±0.43 μg/mL;同时该提取物对肺癌NCI-H23细胞,乳腺癌T-47D细胞,卵巢癌Caov-3细胞也有抑制作用[66]。地胆草的氯仿提取物浓度为100 mg/kg时,可以有效地推迟由7,12-dimethylbenz anthracene(DMBA)诱导的小鼠皮肤乳突淋瘤的形成,并能够减少该类肿瘤细胞的平均数量与重量。该成分对由20-methylcholanthrene(20-MCA)诱导小鼠的软组织肉瘤有很好的抑制作用,可延长患病小鼠的寿命[67]。而被视为地胆草属特征性物质的 deoxyelephantopin(DET)[68],能强烈抑制 TS/A 细胞的转移、增殖、入侵以及群落的形成;与紫杉醇相比,DET能更有效地抑制小鼠原位肿瘤细胞(68%vs 99%)及恶性乳腺肿瘤细胞的生长[69,70];同时DET亦可以诱导并激发鼻咽癌细胞中的细胞周期阻滞与细胞凋亡,其对治疗鼻咽癌有巨大的潜在价值[71]。而由地胆草中分离得到的 scabertopin和isodeoxyelephantopin两种物质在体外对人肝癌细胞(SMMC-7721)、人宫颈癌细胞(Hela)、人结肠癌细胞(Caco-2)具有抑制作用[72]。最新研究表明,DET和Isodeoxyelephantopin可引起L-929肿瘤细胞活力降低,其 IC50分别为 2.7和 3.3 μg/mL,且 DET 对DLA肿瘤细胞具有很大的抑制活性[73]。

3.4 其他活性

地胆草和E.mollis的水提物在300 mg/kg时对由角叉菜胶(Carrangeenan)诱导的小鼠爪部的急性炎症具有显著的抑制活性,对由complete Freund’s adjuvant(CFA)诱导的慢性炎症也有良好的抑制作用[74]。E.mollis的 1,3-丁二醇提取物在 0.05% ~0.3%时,能够显著减少B16黑色素瘤细胞中黑色素的含量[75]。E.tomentosus的乙醇提取物在1 mg/mL时具有的抗氧化活性相当于2.1 mM(TECA)的抗氧化能力;其还具有过氧化氢清除及抑制Fe3+诱导的脂质过氧化作用,在500 mg/kg时具有减小CCl4诱导的肝毒性的作用[76]。由地胆草中分离得到的单体物质3,4-二咖啡奎尼酸(3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid)在浓度625-1250μg/mL时,对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率大于80%,且其 EC50在241.80±14.29μg/mL时较浓度为7.30±0.05 μg/mL阿卡波糖的高30倍,说明该物质具有良好的抗2型糖尿病活性[77]。

4 展望

通过化学合成来获取新药是西药研发的重要手段,但其代价昂贵且有不良反应多;同时以中药及民族药为代表的传统药物成为了新药研发的重要补充手段。从天然药物中获取的药效单体具有价格低、不良反应少等特点,特别是其传统药用知识为其对症开发与研制指明了方向,从而节省大量的人力、物力、财力。国内外学者对地胆草属植物的传统医药用途及其生物活性进行了较多的研究,发现其粗提物或是单体具有多样良好的生物学活性,特别是由该属植物E.scarber分离得到的单体物质deoxyelephantopin 和 1α,2β-O-dicaffeoylcyclopentan-3β-ol分别在抗鼻咽癌及2型糖尿病方面有很好的治疗活性,有待进一步研究开发。另外据WHO统计,每年因利什曼原虫引发的新增病例就达200万[78],而E.mollis的粗提物对利什曼病原虫具有很好的抑制作用,应该加深该方面的研究。我们应该重视对地胆草属植物在抗糖尿病、抗原虫及抗肿瘤活性方面的研究与开发,这对改善与保障人类健康具有巨大的潜在价值。而鉴于该属植物在传统药用中的复杂性与多样性,今后人们应该从化学、生物学、药学等多方面来加大对该属植物的研究力度,从而来促进该类植物的可持续利用。

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