基于肠促胰岛素的抗糖尿病药物发展概况

2013-04-12 05:51:00吴霞
上海医药 2013年7期
关键词:艾塞那维格餐后

吴霞

(上海市静安区中心医院内分泌科 上海 200040)

近年来,随着对糖尿病发病机制的不断研究与认识,肠促胰岛素(incretin)因可促进β细胞复制和再生、抑制其凋亡以及改善α细胞功能而成为研究热点。肠促胰岛素是一组胃肠激素,主要包括胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1)和葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素 肽(glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, GIP)[1]。因为GLP-1会被GLP-1降解酶二肽基肽酶-4(dipeptidyl peptidase-4, DPP-4)迅速降解且2型糖尿病患者体内或多或少都存在GLP-1水平降低的现象,所以注射GLP-1受体激动剂和口服DPP-4抑制剂能够促进胰岛素分泌和维持血糖水平稳定[2]。本文简要介绍这两类基于肠促胰岛素的抗糖尿病药物的发展概况。

1 GLP-1受体激动剂

1.1 艾塞那肽(exenatide)

艾塞那肽是人工合成的含有39个氨基酸的exendin-4类似物,是美国批准的第一个GLP-1受体激动剂。exendin-4是自希拉毒蜥(Gila monster)的唾液中分离得到的,与人GLP-1在氨基酸序列上具有53%的同源性[3]。exendin-4不是DPP-4的底物,不会被迅速降解。艾塞那肽能够激活GLP-1受体、由此发挥类似人GLP-1的作用,但因其N端不能被DPP-4降解,故血浆半衰期更长。皮下给予艾塞那肽后约2 h达血药浓度峰值,半衰期为2.4 h,降血糖时间超过8 h,主要由肾小球滤过清除[4]。研究证实,艾塞那肽能改善2型糖尿病患者的第一时相胰岛素分泌[3]和抑制餐后胰高血糖素分泌,显著降低空腹和餐后血糖水平、显著延缓胃排空时间[5]。与安慰剂相比,每日2次皮下注射艾塞那肽5或10 μg可降低糖化血红蛋白A1C(glycosylated hemoglobin A1C, HbA1C)值1.0个百分点且长期治疗有效(3年后降低HbA1C值仍为1.0个百分点)[6],同时明显减轻患者的体重(最多减轻3.1 kg)[7]并能使患者发生心血管事件的风险较不使用艾塞那肽治疗者降低16%[8]。欧盟最近还批准了艾塞那肽的一种新剂型,即艾塞那肽每周1次用长效剂型。

艾塞那肽的常见不良反应为恶心和呕吐,通常发生在治疗早期。根据患者个体差异调整艾塞那肽的剂量、注射时间以及选择非工作日开始首次注射有助于减少此药的恶心、呕吐发生率;采用逐渐加大用药剂量的方法能改善患者的耐受性[9]。

1.2 利拉鲁肽(liraglutide)

利拉鲁肽是另一个已被批准用于临床的GLP-1受体激动剂,其结构与人GLP-1具有97%的同源性,故也被称为人GLP-1类似物。利拉鲁肽可与血清白蛋白结合、然后缓慢释放到循环中,能抵抗DPP-4的分解、延迟吸收和减少肾脏清除,半衰期长达12 h[10-11]。因此,利拉鲁肽仅需每天注射1次。无论是单用还是联用其他抗糖尿病药物,利拉鲁肽均能有效降低HbA1C值(1.0个百分点左右)和减轻患者体重[12-14],并显著改善2型糖尿病患者的餐后血糖水平、抑制餐后胰高血糖素分泌以及显著改善胰岛素原/总胰岛素比值和胰岛β细胞分泌功能指数(homeostasis model assemsment of islet beta-cell function, HOMA-β)[15]。

利拉鲁肽的常见不良反应是恶心,但发生率较艾塞那肽低并会随用药时间延长而降低。

1.3 他司鲁肽(taspoglutide)

他司鲁肽是长效人GLP-1类似物,与人GLP-1具有93%的同源性。他司鲁肽因结构中第8和第35位氨基酸被替换为氨基异丁酸、同时还含有一种能保证其缓释性能的成分[16],故仅需每周注射1次。他司鲁肽现尚处于临床试验阶段,但已完成的II期和III临床试验显示,每周注射10或20 mg、或每2周注射20 mg他司鲁肽均能有效降低HbA1C值和体重,尤以降低空腹血糖水平的作用最为显著[17-18]。他司鲁肽的不良反应主要是恶心、呕吐以及注射部位的过敏反应[18]。

1.4 lixisenatide

lixisenatide是经对exendin-4结构中C末端的6个赖氨酸残基进行修饰后得到的一个GLP-1类似物,能耐受DPP-4的降解,可一日1次皮下注射用药。与安慰剂相比,lixisenatide能显著降低HbA1C值、尤其是降低餐后2 h时的血糖水平,但不会引起低血糖反应[19-20]。lixisenatide已完成III期临床试验,主要不良反应是胃肠道症状如恶心、呕吐等。

1.5 其他GLP-1受体激动剂

如阿必鲁肽(albiglutide)、(Val8)GLP-1、(His7)GLP-1和BMI51077等,目前也都处在临床前研发或临床试验阶段。

2 DPP-4抑制剂

DPP-4抑制剂通过抑制DPP-4活性而提高人体内天然GLP-1和GIP的浓度,由此刺激胰岛素分泌和抑制胰高血糖素分泌并最终达到控制血糖水平的目的。

2.1 西格列汀(sitagliptin)

西格列汀是首个获准上市的DPP-4抑制剂,是含三氮唑并哌嗪环的β-氨基酸衍化物[21],人口服后吸收迅速、1~4 h达血药浓度峰值,主要以原形从肾脏代谢,血浆半衰期为11.8~14.4 h,可每日1次用药[22]。无论单用还是联用双胍类、磺酰脲类或噻唑烷二酮类抗糖尿病药物,西格列汀均能显著降低2型糖尿病患者的HbA1C值(降低0.5~0.79个百分点)以及空腹血糖和餐后2 h时的血糖水平[23-25],且低血糖发生率低、无体重增加风险。

西格列汀的不良反应包括超敏反应、肝酶水平升高、上呼吸道感染、鼻咽炎和头痛等。

2.2 维格列汀(vildagliptin)

维格列汀是α-氨基酰基氰基吡咯烷衍生物,是一种选择性的DPP-4竞争性抑制剂,具有较高的酶抑制活性。维格列汀被人口服后吸收迅速,约1.1 h达血药浓度峰值,主要从肾脏代谢,血浆半衰期为1.7~2.5 h,需每日2次用药。维格列汀能促进葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌和抑制餐后胰高血糖素分泌,进而降低血糖、特别是餐后血糖水平[26-27]。维格列汀联用二甲双胍能提高2型糖尿病患者的β细胞功能及餐后胰岛素的敏感度[28],联用吡格列酮能更有效地降低HbA1C值且不会提高低血糖的发生率[29]。

维格列汀的最常见不良反应是头痛、鼻咽炎、咳嗽、便秘、头晕和出汗量增加等。维格列汀在动物实验中见有皮肤坏死和肾损害等不良反应,但在临床研究中未出现过。

2.3 沙格列汀(saxagliptin)

沙格列汀是在维格列汀的氰基吡咯烷结构上引入环丙基、从而提高了氰基吡咯烷的稳定性后得到的,人口服后吸收迅速、约2 h达血药浓度峰值,主要从肾脏和肝脏代谢,血浆半衰期为2.1 h,但其抑制DPP-4活性的时间可达24 h,故仅需每日1次用药。沙格列汀的临床疗效与西格列汀相当,每日1次口服5 mg沙格列汀可降低HbA1C值0.45~0.63个百分点[30],联用二甲双胍则可使HbA1C值降低0.69个百分点[31]。

沙格列汀的最常见不良事件为上呼吸道感染、尿路感染和头痛。

2.4 利格列汀(linagliptin)

利格列汀是首个主要经胆道和胃肠道代谢的DPP-4抑制剂,用药剂量中仅有5%由肾脏代谢,用于肾功能损害患者时不需调整剂量。利格列汀每日1次5 mg治疗可降低HbA1C值0.4~0.7个百分点[32],联用二甲双胍可使HbA1C值额外再降低0.4~0.6个百分点[33]。

2.5 阿格列汀(alogliptin)

阿格列汀现仅在日本获准上市,口服后1~2 h达血药浓度峰值,主要由肾脏代谢。阿格列汀可显著改善2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制水平[34],但长期安全性尚有待临床实践和临床研究的考察。阿格列汀的最常见不良反应包括鼻咽炎、泌尿道感染、头痛、上呼吸道感染和外周水肿。

2.6 其他DPP-4抑制剂

如地格列汀(denagliptin)、卡格列汀(carmegliptin)、美格列汀(melogliptin)和度格列汀(dutogliptin)等,但目前还都处在不同的研发阶段。

3 结语

综上所述,GLP-1受体激动剂和DPP-4抑制剂因能有效降低血糖水平、改善胰岛细胞功能、安全性和耐受性良好并有可减轻或不增加体重、极少导致低血糖和严重不良反应等优点,为2型糖尿病治疗提供了新的手段。另有一些研究发现,这两类药物也有对心血管的潜在益处。但是,由于目前基于肠促胰岛素的抗糖尿病药物在临床应用的时间尚短,期待有更多的临床研究证实其长期的治疗效果和安全性。

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