孟庆彬,于健春,马志强
(中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院基本外科,北京100730)
真核生物翻译起始因子5A(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A,EIF5A)是真核细胞内目前唯一已知的包含翻译后衍生氨基酸8-羟-2,7,10-三氨基癸酸的蛋白质,并且 EIF5A及其8-羟-2,7,10-三氨基癸酸修饰对于维持细胞增殖非常重要[1]。目前已知的EIF5A基因家族的成员包括EIF5A1和EIF5A2,其编码蛋白质EIF5A1与EIF5A2氨基酸序列具有84%的一致性,两者的氨基酸序列差异主要位于 C-末端,两蛋白之间无免疫学交叉反应性[1-3]。近年来,研究发现EIF5A2作为可能的癌基因在多种人类肿瘤组织中表达上调,并且与肿瘤侵袭转移及预后相关。
EIF5A2位于人类染色体3q25-3q27区,基因全长大于17 kb,由5个外显子和4个内含子组成,编码含有125个氨基酸的EIF5A2蛋白[2]。EIF5A2蛋白分子质量大小约为17~20 ku,受翻译后癸酸修饰的影响其分子质量大小可有一定的变化[2,4]。
与EIF5A1在正常人体内无所不在的表达明显不同,EIF5A2基因除了在正常人体睾丸组织内高表达,在部分脑组织弱、中度表达外,在其他正常人体组织如胃肠黏膜、肝脏及卵巢等均呈低水平或阴性表达[2]。近几年研究者陆续发现EIF5A2在人类的卵巢癌[5]、胰腺癌[6]、结直肠癌[7]、膀胱癌[8]、肝癌[9]和肺癌[10]等肿瘤组织中表达异常升高。
EIF5A2所在的人类染色体3q26区在多种肿瘤中常常表现出异常扩增或不稳定。近年来,研究发现 EIF5A2 作为可能的癌基因与卵巢癌[5]、胃癌[11]、胰腺癌[6]、肝癌[9]、膀胱癌[8,12]、非小细胞肺癌[10]和结直肠癌等侵袭转移相关[7]。
EIF5A2在原发性卵巢癌及卵巢癌细胞系UACC-1598存在高拷贝数扩增现象,EIF5A2是与卵巢癌进展相关的候选癌基因[13]。组织微阵列分析证实EIF5A2蛋白高表达与较晚的卵巢癌分期及预后不良明显相关[5,14]。免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)法证实EIF5A2蛋白在正常卵巢表面上皮细胞、卵巢囊腺瘤、交界性肿瘤、囊腺癌中的高表达率分别为0%(0/30)、7%(2/30)、30%(9/30)和53%(58/110);EIF5A2的表达水平与卵巢癌的组织级别、pT、pN分期、肿瘤增殖指数Ki-67及预后明确相关,并且EIF5A2蛋白阳性率伴随组织的恶性程度增加呈明显递增趋势[5]。
研究证实肝癌组织EIF5A2基因高表达与患者的静脉浸润密切相关[15]。EIF5A2 mRNA在人肝癌组织中表达的阳性率为61.7%(50/81),明显高于非肿瘤肝组织的表达阳性率[9]。EIF5A2蛋白在转移瘤中的表达较其在匹配的原发肝癌阳性率高,约为53.2%(25/47)。同时该研究证实 EIF5A2在H2P、H2M、Hep3B、Huh7、BEL7402和 PLC8024肝癌细胞系中高表达,EIF5A2在肝癌组织的高表达与肝癌转移密切相关。
IHC法检测证实EIF5A2蛋白在人类非小细胞肺癌组织中的高表达率为48.7%(109/224)[10]。该研究证实EIF5A2蛋白主要表达在细胞质内,在人pT1、pT2、pT3和pT4期肺癌组织的阳性表达率分别为 20.0%(3/15)、44.2%(57/129)、60.0%(36/60)和65.0%(13/20);与之相对的正常肺组织多为阴性或弱阳性;EIF5A2的高表达与肺癌较高的T分期和Ⅰ期肺癌不良预后明显相关。
EIF5A2蛋白在正常结直肠上皮、结直肠腺瘤、原发性结直肠癌和转移灶中的阳性表达率分别为0.0%、35.3%、53.2和67.6%,EIFA5A2蛋白高表达与结直肠癌血管淋巴管浸润、较晚的病理学N分期和肿瘤远处转移密切相关[16]。最近发表于Gut杂志的文章中报道EIF5A2蛋白在结直肠癌组织中总的高表达率为44.5%(102/229),在pT4期、pN1期和pM1期阳性率分别为75%、61.7%和73.9%,相比之下EIF5A2在正常结直肠黏膜的高表达率仅为 5.2%(12/229)[7]。EIF5A2 高表达与结直肠癌转移密切相关,是预后不良的独立危险因素。
EIF5A2 mRNA在胃腺癌中的表达水平与胃癌淋巴结转移密切相关[11]。EIF5A2蛋白在膀胱上皮细胞癌的高表达率为45.3%(39/86),并且EIF5A2蛋白的高表达与患者的复发及不良预后显著相关[8,12]。
上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)在上皮来源肿瘤发生侵袭转移的特定阶段可能发挥关键作用[17-19]。研究证实 EIF5A2通过激活RhoA和Rac1诱导肝癌细胞发生EMT、刺激细胞骨架重排,并因此促进肝癌细胞发生侵袭转移[9]。最近研究发现 EIF5A2通过C-MYC上调转移相关蛋白1(metastasis-associated protein 1,MTA1)诱导EMT,并因此增加结直肠癌细胞的侵袭转移能力[7]。上述研究提示 EIF5A2通过不同途径诱导EMT可能是肿瘤侵袭转移过程中的重要分子事件。EIF5A2-MTA1/C-MYC轴可能在诱导EMT及促进肿瘤侵袭转移中的发挥关键作用[20]。分别以MTA1和C-MYC为代表的两大基因家族在肿瘤侵袭转移中发挥着重要作用[21-22],而 EIF5A2-MTA1/C-MYC轴的提出,使得 EIF5A2、MTA1、C-MYC这3个基因之间的调节关系及其3者在肿瘤侵袭转移过程中的作用更加明确。
综上,EIF5A2在多种上皮源性恶性肿瘤中表达上调,并且其异常表达与肿瘤侵袭转移相关。EIF5A2-MTA1/C-MYC轴在肿瘤EMT及侵袭转移调控中可能发挥重要的作用。但具体分子调控机制尚需进一步研究。
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