过去分词做定语用法阐释

王新丰

过去分词做定语是历届高考试题中比较常见的考点，考生应当对此引起高度重视。有关过去分词做定语用法，请注意以下几个问题：

（1） 过去分词用作前置定语：若是单个的过去分词或只带副词修饰的单个过去分词做定语, 通常置于所修饰的名词前，此时过去分词具有形容词的特点，侧重状态和比较永久的特点。

例如：a broken window 一扇坏了的窗户；a recently?built house 最近建造的一所房子

We need more experienced teachers. 我们需要更多有经验的老师。

温馨提示：有时为了强调，单个的过去分词做定语也可以置于被修饰的名词后面。

例如：Do you know the number of the books ordered? 你知道订购了多少书吗？

Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。

（2） 过去分词用作后置定语：若是过去分词短语做定语, 则通常置于被修饰的名词之后。此时过去分词既有形容词的特征，又有动词的特点，但主要突出动词的特征，且不像前置定语那样具有永久性的特点。做后置定语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。

例如： Well talk about the problem discussed(= that / which was discussed) at the meeting yesterday. 我们将谈谈昨天会议上讨论的问题。

（3） 过去分词也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开，相当于一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句。

例如：The books, written by Lu Xun (= which were written by Lu Xun), are popular with many Chinese people. 这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。

The meeting, attended by one thousand students(= which was attended by one thousand students), was a great success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席。

（4） 过去分词做定语与所修饰的词之间存在两种关系：一是及物动词表示被动或完成意义（有时也表示没有一定的时间性）；二是不及物动词只表示完成意义，不表被动。

（5） 过去分词做定语与定语从句的关系。

过去分词做定语相当于一个由which, that或who引导的定语从句。若过去分词是及物动词可以改为动词为被动形式的定语从句；如果过去分词是不及物动词则可以改为动词为完成式或动词为表示状态的定语从句。

例如：Whats the language spoken（= which is spoken）in Germany? 德国说什么语言？

Most of the guests invited(=who were invited) to the evening party were college students. 应邀参加晚会的客人大多数是大学生。

a retired worker (= a worker who has retired) 一名退休工人

a returned soldier (= a soldier who has returned) 一位返乡的士兵

（6） 过去分词、现在分词一般式的被动式和动词不定式一般式的被动式做定语的区别：

过去分词、现在分词一般式的被动式和动词不定式一般式的被动式都可以做后置定语，它们的共同点是都与所修饰的名词或代词存在逻辑上的动宾关系（即表示被动），但是过去分词强调动作已经完成，现在分词一般式的被动式表示一个正在进行的被动动作，动词不定式一般式的被动式表示一个将来的被动动作。请对比：

The meeting held yesterday was very important. 昨天开的会很重要。

The meeting being held now is very important. 现在正在开的会议很重要。

The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天要召开的会议很重要。

[练一练]

1. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ________. （2012山东卷）

A. providing

B. provided

C. having provided

D. provide

2. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will influence the future of our company. （2012重庆卷）

A. to be made

B. being made

C. made

D. having been made

3. “Its such a nice place,” Mother said as she sat at the table ________ for customers. （2012浙江卷）

A. to be reserved

B. having reserved

C. reserving

D. reserved

4. The club, ________ 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members. （2012上海卷）

A. founded

B. founding

C. being founded

D. to be founded

5. Cleaning women in big cities usually get ________ by the hour.

A. pay

B. paying

C. paid

D. to pay

6. A great number of students ________said they were forced to practice the piano.

A. to question

B. to be questioned

C. questioned

D. questioning