“苕溪渔隐”的荻港鱼文化

2012-04-29 00:44:03张科
文化交流 2012年11期
关键词:苕溪文化节文化

张科

我国人民在长期的渔业劳动中所形成的鱼文化,伴随着中国传统文化一起发展,成为中国传统文化宝库中的一颗明珠。

前不久,湖州市第三届鱼文化节在南浔区荻港渔庄隆重举行。此次活动主要以“苕溪渔隐,荻港美食”为主题,以“千年鱼文化,百年陈家菜”为特色,发挥荻港渔庄优势,推出荻港百名巧妇名点小吃一条街、荻港水乡民俗婚庆表演、鱼文化主题晚会等节目,可谓好戏连场,美食飘香,彰显了荻港的千年鱼文化。

荻港自古以来绿桑成荫、鱼塘连片,是江南桑基鱼塘的典型,具有近千年的淡水鱼养殖历史。村民们辛勤劳作,不断探索,形成了源远流长的鱼文化,在当地就流传着“苕溪渔隐,荻港美食”一说。那苕溪,顾名思义,荻港地处苕溪之畔,古时就有先民在此以打鱼为生。“渔隐”,古代的隐士往往以樵夫和渔人的形象出现。渔人是隐士的象征,是高士的别名,“白发渔樵江渚上,惯看秋月春风。一壶浊酒喜相逢,古今多少事,都付笑谈中。”《楚辞·渔父》一文写到屈原与渔父的对话,那渔父就是一个地地道道的隐士。古代文学作品中,隐士的身份多为渔人,形象多为静坐垂钓的渔夫。江南先民勤劳,用心经营。荻港地处江南,得天时地利之便,历经千年垦发,遂成一方沃土。地既肥瘐,物产丰盈;民风淳朴,和睦安居,文人墨客纷纷来此隐居,慢慢地形成了久远的“苕溪渔隐”一说。

西安半坡遗址出土的鱼纹盆,以及人面鱼盆,见证先民们的生活是与鱼息息相关的,因为他们当时是临水而居,鱼是他们的食物、生活的保障。这就决定了他们对鱼的崇拜,把它作为美的象征。

西汉著名史学家司马迁在《史记·货殖列传》中对两千年前楚越地区的饮食特点最早作了概括性的记录:“楚越之地,地广人稀,饭稻羹鱼……”明确地指出了这种“饭稻羹鱼”的饮食特色。考古资料显示:良渚人食用的水产品,主要有鲤鱼、鲫鱼、鳢鱼、青鱼、鳖、龟、蟹、蚬、螺蛳、蛤蜊、河蚌等。在新石器时代的磁山文化遗址、仰韶文化遗址、良渚文化遗址、大溪口文化遗址、河姆渡文化遗址都有种种捕鱼工具发现,如在良渚文化遗址中,发现了用麻线编成的渔网及网坠、浮标。汉代时,江南地区开始以池塘养鱼,一般养殖草鱼、青鱼、鲢鱼与鳙鱼等。鲈鱼,在汉代已成为淡水鱼中的名品。晋大臣张翰,吴郡(今苏州)人,在洛阳做官,见秋风起,因思念家乡的鲈鱼莼菜脍而弃官回到家乡吴郡。“莼鲈之思”成为一款名肴。这些都说明“食有鱼”的食文化与鱼文化是“你中有我,我中有你”,相辅相成,相映成辉的。

如果说“苕溪渔隐”所展现的是荻港养鱼、捕鱼的悠久历史和鱼文化历史画面,那么“荻港美食”则是此次鱼文化节中的主打项目。国民党元老陈果夫是个对吃极为讲究的湖州人,一向重视饮食文化研究。他的私家大厨“鸡骨头庆生”即施庆生烧得一手好菜,其关门徒弟钱荣华大师就是现在荻港渔庄的主厨。渔庄的陈家菜肴原汁原味,味道鲜美,如老法鳝丝、油炸肉饼、炒鱼、状元球、千张肉圆等都是独门招牌菜,许多游客为品尝荻港渔庄美食专程慕名而来。

鱼文化节上不仅有传统的名菜,而且有匠心独运的创新菜肴,如花鲢豆腐、大锅乌金子等,还能品尝百名巧妇的拿手绝活—传统小吃。新搭建的小吃一条街中有鱼粽、青圆子、梅花饺、青鱼干粉丝、鱼汤锅糍、玉米棒、藕断丝连、番薯塌饼、串豆腐干、汤包等。八千余人齐聚于此,人流如织,熙熙攘攘,他们被百名巧妇制作的香气四溢的小吃吸引过去。那鲜嫩可口的小条鱼、香糯润滑的芋艿、美味的生滚鱼片粥……实在让人大快朵颐。

鱼和中国人的生活紧密相关,影响了中国人的思想,影响着中国的文学艺术,从而成为中国文化的一部分。此次活动通过养鱼、捕鱼、祭鱼、吃鱼、唱鱼歌、跳鱼舞、玩鱼赛、做鱼菜、打渔家乐、放鱼灯等一系列场面,来展现荻港特有的鱼文化,呈现出荻港鱼文化节的独特魅力。

当地的村民,无论大人还是小孩都喜欢敲打“渔家乐”。鱼文化节晚会上表演的打击乐“渔家乐”所用的道具与乐器,如小船、网兜、鱼叉、菱桶都是渔民们养鱼时的工具,通过这些道具演奏出欢快、喜庆、动听的打击乐,来刻画渔家姑娘多彩的生活和丰富的感情世界。他们唱的渔歌清亮明快,荻港的渔歌大多源自本地人的口口相传,它表达着荻港广大人民对家乡的热爱,对亲人的关心,对丰收的喜悦,如“小小荻港村,住呀住上门……”“男人吃鱼更健壮,女人吃鱼更漂亮,小孩吃鱼更聪明……”等,抒发了荻港村民朴素而又强烈的热爱家乡之情。

“鱼龙潜跃水成文。”这是张若虚的《春江花月夜》中的诗句。龙,是中华先民的崇拜对象,但龙有鱼的特点,那就是全身布满了鳞片,所以有学者认为对龙的崇拜是对鱼崇拜的延续和变异。在古代的故事中,鱼龙可以互相转化,鱼是龙的另外一种形式,人们在崇拜龙的同时,也在崇拜着鱼。在鱼文化节上,锣鼓喧天,舞鱼、舞龙、舞狮,出水的鱼儿化作龙,四条浑身通透的鱼龙腾挪跳跃。人们还跳起了鱼舞,那范蠡、西施双人舞特别惹人注目。相传春秋时期越王卧薪尝胆,灭吴后,范蠡“乃携西子”,“五湖问道,扁舟归去”,乘轻舟以浮于五湖,途经东苕溪的荻港,并在此写下《养鱼经》,范蠡乃成为当地淡水鱼养殖的鼻祖,他与西施的爱情故事至今还被当地人们所传颂。

基于远古人类对鱼的崇拜的论述,我们也就很容易理解人们用鱼代表爱情这一做法了。当然,人们用鱼代表爱情还因为鱼与水之间难以分开的关系,我们经常看到婚联上有这样的句子:“鱼水千年合。”古诗《江南》曰:“江南可采莲,莲叶何田田,鱼戏莲叶间。”古代传说大雁和鱼均可传递情书家信。乐府《饮马长城窟行》云:“客从远方来,遗我双鲤鱼。呼儿烹鲤鱼,中有尺素书。”这就是鱼雁传书的来历。《西厢记》中有“一春鱼雁无消息”,就运用了“鱼雁传书”的典故,很好地表达了崔莺莺希望张生勤来书信,珍惜爱情、淡泊功名的感情。

在荻港的鱼文化节上,我们看到了这样的情景:大红灯笼,夺目“囍”字,伴着欢快的唢呐鼓乐,当身着凤冠霞帔的新娘被四人花轿“晃”出来时,偌大的荻港渔庄一下就给“闹”起来了。随着幕布一幕幕拉开,高潮一迭迭到来。从抱子孙桶、系同心锁,再到新人上迎亲船、拜天地等等。复古的婚礼、水乡的婚庆无不透射出荻港浓郁的生活气息和独特的文化魅力。

荻港渔庄“鱼文化”活动吸引了全国各地著名书法家以“鱼文化”为主题,挥毫泼墨,翰墨飘香。这次鱼文化节,宾客还观看了荻港渔庄新建的农具渔具展示馆,从全新角度充分展现当今渔家的文化风情。

渔庄占地605亩,聚生态、观光、休闲、旅游、度假于一体,沿着石径小路往里走,可以看到岸上拱桥、长廊逶迤绵延,水上波光摇曳,袅袅炊烟缭绕着青砖黛瓦,悠扬的渔歌咿呀着蚕事农桑。荻港渔庄虽然看起来像是一个大院落,其实里面非常原生态,它的设计基本就是依照这块土地原来的风貌,加上了一些后期的建筑。把自然风景和古朴的建筑融合在一起,但是在内部细节上却做得十分精致。渔庄的亲水露台,用炭化木搭着古朴的凉棚,在这弥漫着桂花香的季节里垂钓非常惬意。步入鱼文化长廊,晴时可欣赏江南美景,雨天又可凭栏听雨,与友人品茶味,叙旧情。那生长在江南一带的芦荻,渔庄内随处可见,秋风起时,荻花随风轻扬,美不胜收。

2012年1月,荻港渔庄三期工程已开工建设,项目占地面积50亩,建筑面积超过15000平方米,计划总投资1亿多元。荻港渔庄董事长、荻港村党委副书记徐敏利介绍:“三期工程主要包括传统养鱼和现代养殖技术鉴赏区、淡水鱼标本区、观赏鱼一条街、鱼缘书画展示馆、古渔具展示馆、水乡鱼趣民俗婚庆展示馆、食为鱼馆等。三期建设项目已被浙江省发改委纳入2012年度浙江省服务业重大项目。该项目的建成将为村民提供大量的就业机会,极大地推动乡村旅游文化产业的发展。今后我们将努力把荻港渔庄打造成湖州的鱼文化品牌,将其汇聚成具有荻港特色的文化盛宴。”

中秋的月亮格外圆,岸边的鱼灯缓缓被点燃。鱼灯是用来敬拜鱼神、祈求平安的信物。鱼灯有大有小,其大者如车,长五六米,高三五米,很是气派。鱼灯上书五谷丰登、年年丰收之语,人人脸上笑容灿烂,放鱼灯长队,似鱼龙起舞,越走越长,人头攒动,人流如潮,鞭炮、焰火、锣鼓声、喧哗声,声声震耳。这边灯火如潮,那边放鱼灯起伏呼应,夜空格外闪亮,整个渔庄沉浸在喜庆之中……

Fish Farming Culture in Otherworldly Digang

By Zhang Ke

Huzhou, a central city in northern Zhejiang Province, used to stand for affluence when agriculture dominated economically across China. Digang, a village sitting on the Grand Canal that goes through Huzhou, is an otherworldly village where fishing farming still plays a big part in its economy. The ancient part of the village, somewhat dilapidated with timeworn one-arch stone bridges and old-time houses and a temple, seems an anachronism. Nowadays, tourists come to visit the old part of Digang, to step back into time and see what Digang was like decades ago and centuries ago.

The new part of Digang, built beyond the old one, is brand new in sharp contrast with the old village. In addition to rows of villa-like houses for villagers, Digang Fish Resort is a big tourism enterprise that caters to visitors who are there for tourism and for cultural undertakings. In Digang, visitors see fish farming which used to be the local economic mainstay. The resort, composed of a grand restaurant and a hotel and many other facilities, offers an opportunity for people to sample tasty fish dishes and see where villagers used to live and how they led such a life.

Digang dates to one thousand years ago at least. It stands for fish farming that flourished in the region. In local legends, Digang is compared to Shangri-La. In the past 1,000 years, local fish famers developed good farming technologies and turned the land of rivers and ponds into a fish farming paradise. The life there was attractive and scholars, poets, artists came to live in Digang.

Given what Digang is and what it stands for, Huzhou had every reason to let Digang host the 3rd Huzhou Fish Culture Festival. This year, the festival took place at Digang Fish Resort toward the end of September. The festival was a part of a much larger festival hosted by Huzhou Municipal Government.

During the festival, one hundred village women of Digang cook their favorite household food for tourists. The village put up a show to demonstrate how fish farmers in Digang typically held a wedding ceremony in gold old days.

The restaurant is well known for the food prepared with the recipe book of the Chen Family Cuisine. Chen Guofu, a native of Huzhou and a key member of Kuomintang while the party was in power during the Republican years before 1949, employed a chef from Digang. The chefs last disciple Qian Ronghua now works as the executive chef at Digang Fish Restaurant. The Chens Cuisine is now the major attraction to tourists and gourmets. Many people come for the sole purpose of tasting the fish food prepared on the Chens secret recipes.

Other big shows of the festival at Digang included newly choreographed traditional shows: fish dance, lion dance, dragon dance. There are a great number of fish lanterns at night to celebrate the Moon Festival, which fell upon September 30 this year during the Fish Culture Festival. Some fish lanterns were 5 to 6 meters long and 3 to 5 meters tall. At night, they looked magnificent. These lanterns had good luck inscriptions written on them such as good harvest every year. On the Moon Festival night, fish lanterns paraded through the village at night. People cheered. Fireworks sounded. The resort looked like a big carnival.

Digang Fish Resort is at present a 40-hectare compound. Though the compound looks like a well-designed park, it retains local ecology. Ponds, bridges, mulberry trees, long corridors, stone-paved narrow paths are all good for sightseeing. Tourists love to come and hang out here for a weekend or a few days.

Digang is now expanding its business. In January 2012, the third phase of Digang Fish Resort started. The new expansion covers an area of 3.3 hectares and the built-up area will be 15,000 square meters. With an investment of over 100 million, the project is to build a number of display galleries for fish farming related lifestyle and art as well as fish-farming related zones. When constructed, the new resort will provide new jobs and boost tourism in Digang. It will be a big attraction for Digang and Huzhou for tourism.

猜你喜欢
苕溪文化节文化
以文化人 自然生成
年味里的“虎文化”
金桥(2022年2期)2022-03-02 05:42:50
苕溪表层水体典型抗生素污染特征与生态风险评价
第三届广灵湿地文化节开幕
今日农业(2019年16期)2019-01-03 11:39:20
谁远谁近?
悦来动漫文化节震撼来袭
陕西省阅读文化节
西部大开发(2017年8期)2017-06-26 03:16:10
嗨翻天的悦来动漫文化节
软笔临写宋米芾《苕溪诗帖》
硬笔临写宋米芾《苕溪诗帖》