辛亥革命

华中师范大学翻译系 杨红 编译

编者注

一百年前，在中国这块古老的大地上，爆发了一场对中国历史进程产生重大影响的革命，这就是辛亥革命。现在，就让我们来重温那段历史，向为争取革命胜利而英勇奋斗，流血牺牲的志士们致以崇高的敬意吧！

This year marks thecentenary（百年）of the 1911 Revolution,theepoch-making（划时代的）event that hadfar-reaching（深远的）consequences for the fate of the Chinese people.It overthrew the Qing Dynasty,bringing an end to thefeudal monarchy（封建帝制）with a history of two thousand years in China and also represented the birth of Asia’s first republic.

Background

今年是辛亥革命100周年纪念日。辛亥革命的爆发具有划时代的意义，给中国人民的命运带来了深远影响。它推翻了清王朝的统治，结束了中国长达2000多年的封建统治,催化了亚洲第一个共和国的诞生。

背景

二十世纪头十年是中国大变动的十年。随着100年义和团起义夭折，及包括百日维新、立宪运动等一系列改革的失败，中国人民对清政府的信心受到了严重影响，加之汉族对满族统治的不满，人民生活陷入大混乱。

许多仁人志士开始呼吁暴力革命推翻清政府，效仿英法等国建立共和国。早期的革命分子主要聚集在国外，大多数是青年学生和海外华侨,其中孙中山就是一名杰出的革命活动家。他提出发动一场革命，“毕其功于一役”，即：民族革命，驱除外国列强和满清统治；民主革命，建立民主共和国；社会革命，平均地权和财富。

The first decade of the 20thcentury was a time of greatupheaval（变动）in China.Following theabortive（流产的，失败的）BoxerRebellion（义和团运动）in 1900，the failure of many reforms such as theHundred Days’Reform（百日维新）andConstitutionalism campaign（立宪运动）,Chinese people’s confidence for the Qing government has been severely damaged and their lives were thrown into infiniteturmoil（混乱）,coupled with the majority Han Chinese’sresentment（仇恨）toward a government dominated by an ethnic minority：theManchus(满族).

Manypatriotic(爱国的)intellectuals began to advocate for a violent revolution tooverthrow（推翻）the Qing Dynasty and to establish a republic similar to those of France and United States.The earliestrevolutionaries generally gathered abroad,and the majority of them were young students and overseas Chinese,among them,Sun Yatsen（孙中山）is an outstanding revolutionary activist.He advocated a“three-in-one” revolution:a nationalist revolution with the goal of expelling the foreign,Manchu dynasty from China;a democratic revolution to set up a democratic Chinese republic;a social revolution to equalize land rights and wealth.

Wuchang Uprising

On October 9th,1911,revolutionariesinten（t热心的，决心的）on overthrowing the Qing Dynasty had built bombs and one accidentally exploded.As a result,the documents andbanners(旗帜，标语)for theuprising（起义）were taken away by the police.The command post was discovered by the Qing government and several members werearrested（逮捕）and executed on the morning of October 10th.The situation was urgent.Squad leader Xiong Bingkun and others decided not to delay the uprising any longer.Around 8 a.m.on October 10th，the first shot of 1911 Revolution was fired.The Wuchang Uprising had begun.The entire Wuchang wascaptured(占领）by the revolutionaries by the morning of October 11st.In the evening that day,they established atactical（战略上的）headquarters and announced the establishment of the“Military Government of Hubei of Republic of China.”

The success of the Wuchang Uprising on October 10th,1911 started a chain reaction,and in less than two months 14 out of the 18 provinces within China’s main borders had declared independence.

武昌起义

1911年10 月9日，决心推翻清政府的革命者在制造炸药时不小心炸弹发生爆炸。随后，起义的文件和标语被警察带走，指挥部也被发现，部分成员在10号早上被逮捕和处决。形势刻不容缓，班长熊炳坤和其它人当即决定立即革命。10号早上八点左右，武昌起义爆发,打响了辛亥革命的第一枪。到10月11日早上，整个武昌区已被革命军占领。当晚，革命军建立了临时总部并宣布建立中华民国湖北军政府。

1911年10 月10日武昌起义的成功引发了一系列的连锁反应，不到两个月的时间里，中国主要国土面积上的18个省中已有14个宣布独立。

武昌起义时，孙中山并不在场，当时正远在美国从海外华侨中为革命筹集资本和支持。他也是从报纸上得知起义之事，并迅速回国。归国之后被选举为中华民国临时大总统。自此，1912年元月一日成为中华民国历史上的第一天。

Sun Yat-sen himself had no direct part in the uprising and was traveling in the United States at the time in an effort torecruit（募集）more support from overseas Chinese.He knew about the uprising by reading a newspaper report and returned to China quickly.After that,he was elected as theprovisional（临时的）president of the Republic of China.January 1st,1912 was set as the first day of the Republic.

In order to force the emperor to abdicate and avoid a civil war,Sun officially resigned.Yuan shihkai took over the president of the Republic on February 13rd，1912.

Although Yüan had declared himself a supporter of the Republic,hebetrayed（背叛）it as soon as he became the provisional president.Through the use of threats andassimilations(暗 杀）,Yüan forced theParliament（国会）to elect him as president and became adictator（独裁者）after successfullyexpelling（驱逐）Kuomintang（国 民 党）.In December 1915,Yüan officially became the emperor of China.What Yüan really didn’t know,however,was the depth and breadth ofanti-monarchical(反对帝制的）sentimen（t感情）.He was quickly overthrown by the anti-monarchical forces.

Though the 1911 revolution did not make China a real republic,but theimperial（帝国的）regime（政权）had been overthrown and replaced by a republican system,and the idea for democracy has been deeply rooted in people’s minds,signifying a new era of modern China.

为了迫使清帝退位避免内战，孙中山于1912年2月13日退出临时大总统职位，由袁世凯接替。

尽管之前再三保证支持民主共和，袁世凯成为临时总统后很快便抛弃了这一主张。通过威逼和暗杀等种种手段，他迫使国会选举他为大总统并在成功驱逐国民党后成为中国的独裁者。1915年，袁世凯成为中国的皇帝。然而，他不知道，中国反对帝制的民族情绪已经根深蒂固，很快袁世凯就被反对帝制的力量驱逐下台。

尽管辛亥革命并没有在中国实现真正的民主共和，但它推翻了封建帝制，建立了共和政体，使得民主共和的理念深入人心，开启了中国现代化的新篇章。