MiR-148a inhibits angiogenesis by targeting ERBB3☆

Jing Yu, Qi Li, Qing Xu, Lingzhi Liu, Binghu Jing,b*

aLab of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment,Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing ,Jiangsu 210029, China;bDepartment of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.Received 24 Feburary 2011, Revised 26 March 2011, Accepted 8 April 2011

INTRODUCTION

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women with more than 400,000 deaths each year worldwide.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that have been identified as a new kind of gene expression regulators through targeting the 3’-untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs for translational repression or degradation[1,2]. MiRNAs are differentially expressed in various human cancers,functioning either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors by controlling the expression of their target genes[3,4].Some miRNAs were related to cancer biopathological features like vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, tumor stage and cell proliferation[3-5]. Recent studies have shown that reduced expression of miR-148a occurs in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, gastrointestinal cancer, and esophageal carcinoma[5-8]and is correlated with the outcome of certain malignancies[8,9].The hypermethylation-associated miR-148a silencing has also been reported to be correlated with human cancer metastasis[10]. Overexpression of miR-148a attenuated paclitaxel resistance of hormone-refractory,drug-resistant prostate cancer PC3 cells by regulating mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1)expression[11]. Known direct targets of miR-148a in-clude transcription growth factor-β-induced factor 2(TGIF2), DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3β(DNMT3b), pregnane X receptor (PXR), neddylationdissociated 1, and DNA methyltransferase-1[10,12-15].However, the biological roles of miR-148a and the target genes in breast cancer have not yet been defined.

V-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3 (ERBB3) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, which consists of EGFR/ERBB1, ERBB2/Neu/HER2, ERBB3, and ERBB4. Since ERBB3 lacks intrinsic kinase activity,signal transduction occurs through formation of heterodimers with ERBB2 and other members. The binding of peptides of the EGF-related growth factor family to the extracellular domain of the ERBB receptors causes the formation of homo- and heterodimers. Ligand binding induces intrinsic receptor kinase activity and then stimulates intracellular signaling cascades,including the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT and MAPKs cascade[16,17]. Elevated expression of ERBB3 is frequently observed in breast cancer,which may play an important role in breast cancer progression and chemotherapy resistance[18,19]. Recent studies have demonstrated that miR-125 and miR-205 act as tumor suppressors through directly targeting ERBB3[20,21].

Tumor angiogenesis is required for tumor development and growth in which hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) plays a pivotal role[22,23]. In the present study, we want to identify novel target(s) of miR-148a, which may be related to tumor angiogenesis,identify signaling pathways that are regulated by miR-148a, and determine the direct role of miR-148a in angiogenesis. This will provide direct evidence for the role and potential mechanism of miR-148a in regulating breast tumor angiogenesis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cell culture and reagents

Human breast cancer cells MCF7 and embryonic kidney cells HEK293 were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Media (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 units/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin, and 5% CO2at 37°C. ERBB3 antibodies were purchased from Bioworld Technology (Louis Park, MN, USA). Antibodies against phospho-AKT, AKT, phospho-ERK1/2, ERK, phospho-p70S6K1 and p70S6K1 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (MA, USA), Antibodies against HIF-1α was from BD Biosciences (NJ, USA).Antibodies against GAPDH were from Kang-Cheng(Shanghai, China). Puromycin and β-actin monoclonal antibody were from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).Matrigel was from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes,NJ, USA). Trizol was purchased from Invitrogen(Carlsbad, CA, USA).

Lentivirus packaging and stable cell lines establishment

The lentiviral vectors with RFP tag carrying scrambled miRNA (pLe-miR-SCR), miR-148a (pLe-miR-148a), and packaging kit were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Huntsville, AL, USA). Lentiviral packaging was performed using HEK293T cells by following the manufacturer’s manual. MCF7 cells were infected with lentiviruses, and selected by puromycin to obtain stable cell lines expressing miR-SCR and miR-148a.

RT-PCR and TaqMan real-time PCR analysis of miR-148a

Total RNAs of MCF7 cells were extracted using Trizol reagent according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The stem-loop RT-PCR assay was used to quantify the miRNA expression levels as was described previously[35,36]. The PCR primers used were as follows： miR-148a RT primer： 5’-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGAGTCGGCAATTCAGTTGAGACAAAGTT-3’. miR-148a PCR primers： sense：5’-ACACTCCAGCTGGGTCAGTGCACTACAGAA-3’; anti-sense： 5’-TGGTGTCGTGGAGTCG-3’.U6 RT primer： 5’-TGGTGTCGTGGAGTCG-3’.U6 PCR primers： sense： 5’-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3’; anti-sense： 5’-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3’. PCR products were separated on 1.5%agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide, and visualized under UV light. The levels of miR-148a in MCF7, T47D and MCF10A cells were tested using TaqMan real-time PCR Kit (Applied Biosystems,Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the instruction. The levels of U6 were used as an internal control.

Transient transfection and luciferase assay

Reporter plasmids containing ERBB3 3’ UTR region with miR-148a binding site (wild type) or mutation binding site (mutant) were cloned into pMIRREPORTER. HEK293 cells were seeded in 24-well plates and cultured overnight. To investigate whether miR-148a directly regulates ERBB3 transcriptional expression by binding to the miR-148a binding site of ERBB3, pre-miR-148a or pre-miR-SCR was cotransfected with plasmid pGL4.74 expressing renilla luciferase and the ERBB3 wild type or mutant reporter plasmid. After cultured for 48 h, cells were lysed with passive lysis buffer (Promega, WI, USA), renilla and firefly luciferase activities were measured using the dual luciferase assay system (Promega WI, USA).ERBB3 transcriptional activity was normalized to renilla luciferase activity, which was an internal control for transfection efficiency. Each experiment was repeated at least three times.

Immunoblotting assay

Cells were harvested and lysed on ice for 30 min in RIPA buffer (150 mmol/L NaCl, 100 mmol/L Tris, pH 8.0, 0.1% SDS, 1% Triton X-100, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 5 mmol/L EDTA and 10 mmol/L NaF) supplemented with 1 mmol/L sodium vanadate, 2 mmol/L leupeptin, 2 mmol/L aprotinin, 1 mmol/L phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 1 mmol/L DTT, and 2 mmol/L pepstatin A. The lysates were centrifugated, and the supernatants were collected as total cellular protein extracts. The total protein extracts were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes in transfer buffer (20 mmol/L Tris-HCl, pH 8.0; 150 mmol/L glycine; 20% (v/v)methanol). Membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat dry milk in 1×PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20, and incubated with specific antibodies. The protein bands were detected by incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies, and visualized with the SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate Kits (Thermo Scientific, MA, USA).

Angiogenesis assay on chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM)

Fertilized chicken eggs were purchased from SPAFAS (Preston, CT, USA), and incubated at 37°C with 70% humidity. On day 8, an artificial air sac was created and a small window in the shell over the artificial air sac was cut as we described[37]. MCF7-miR-148a or MCF7-miR-SCR stable cells were resuspended in serum-free medium, and mixed with equal volume of Matrigel. Then, aliquots (3×106, 40 μL) of the mixture were applied onto the CAM of 9-d-old embryos.The area around the implanted Matrigel was photographed 5 d after the implantation, and the number of blood vessels was obtained by counting the branching of blood vessels. Assays for each treatment were carried out using 8 chicken embryos.

Cell proliferation assay

To investigate the effects of miR-148a on the cell growth of MCF7 cells, the stable cell MCF7-miRSCR and MCF7-miR-148a were seeded in a 96-well plate (1,000 cells per well) and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2incubator. The proliferation of the cells was measured using a proliferation assay kit, CCK8 kit(Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Results were obtained from three independent experiments.

Statistical analysis

All values in the present study were reported as mean±SE. Student’s unpaired t test was used for statistical analyses. Differences between values were considered significant at P ＜ 0.05.

RESULTS

MiR-148a expression in breast cancer cells

To determine whether the expression of miR-148a is downregulated in breast cancer cells, human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and T47D and the immortalized normal breast epithelial cells MCF10A were used to test the levels of miR-148a by TaqMan realtime RT-PCR analysis. The results showed that miR-148a expression was significantly decreased in MCF7 and T47D cells (P ＜ 0.05, Fig. 1A). To investigate the role of miR-148a in breast cancer, MCF7 cells were infected with lentiviruses expressing miR-148a and miR-SCR control, and selected by puromycin to obtain stable cell lines. We established stable cells with fluorescent and contrast phase representative pictures of MCF7-miR-SCR and MCF7-miR-148a cells (Fig. 1B).Compared to MCF7-miR-SCR, the miR-148a level in MCF7-miR-148a was much higher (Fig.1C). These results indicated that we successfully established the stable breast cancer cell lines expressing miR-SCR and miR-148a, respectively.

ERBB3 acting as a direct target of miR-148a

To determine the direct target gene(s) of miR-148a,we identified the potential binding sites of miR-148a using the combination of PicTar, TargetScan and FindTar software, and found that ERBB3 was one of the predicted targets that contain putative conserved miR-148a binding sites within its 3’UTR. The binding site of miR-148a in ERBB3 3’-UTR region is highly conserved among several different species (Fig. 2A).To test whether miR-148a regulates ERBB3 expression at protein level, total proteins prepared from MCF7-miR-148a cells and MCF7-miR-SCR cells were analyzed by Western blotting. Overexpression of miR-148a greatly decreased ERBB3 expression in MCF7-miR-148a cells (Fig. 2B), suggesting that ERBB3 is a downstream target of miR-148a. To further determine whether ERBB3 is a direct target of miR-148a, we constructed luciferase reporters containing ERBB3 3’-UTR regions and the predicted binding site of miR-148a (WT, Fig. 3A), or the predicted binding site with the mutation in the seed sequence (Mut, Fig. 3A).MCF7 cells were transfected with the ERBB3 reporter plasmids in the absence or presence of lentivirus plasmids carrying miR-148a and miR-SCR. We found that miR-148a significantly inhibited ERBB3 wild type reporter activities, but not the mutant reporter activity (Fig. 3B). This result shows that miR-148a inhibits ERBB3 wild type reporter activities through the binding of miR-148a in the seed region. These results demonstrate that ERBB3 is a direct target of miR-148a in breast cancer cells.

Fig. 1 Endogenous and forced expression of miR-148a in breast cancer cells. A： Total RNAs from human breast cancer cells MCF7 and T47D and immortalized normal breast epithelial cells MCF10A were subjected to TaqMan real-time RT-PCR analysis for miR-148a expression, *P ＜ 0.05. B： MCF7 cells were infected by lentivirus carrying scrambled miRNA precursor (SCR) or miR-148a, and cultured in the medium containing puromycin to select and obtain stable cell lines. The red images on the left panels showed the expression of the lentivirus in the cells. C： MiR-148a expression levels in the cells were analyzed by stem-loop RT-PCR assay, and U6 expression levels were used as an internal control for RNA loading.

Fig. 2 MiR-148a targeted to ERBB3. A： Putative binding site of ERBB3 3’-UTR by miR-148a. The seed-matching sites were predicted by PicTar, TargetScan and FindTar software,and were marked in red. DNA sequences of potential miR-148a binding site predicted within the human ERBB3 3’-UTR were also highly conserved among other species. B： MCF7 cells expressing scramble miRNA precursor (SCR) or miR-148a were used for Western blot analysis to determine the levels of ERBB3 expression with GAPDH as an internal control.

Fig. 3 MiR-148a interacted with ERBB3 3’-UTR to inhibit its transcriptional activation. A： Schematic illustration of ERBB3 3’-UTR wild type (WT) and mutant reporter constructs with the seed-matching sites marked in red.B： MCF7 cells were transfected with ERBB3 3’-UTR wild type(WT) and mutant reporter constructs in the presence of scramble miRNA precursor (SCR) or miR-148a, and the cells were cultured for 36 h after the transfection. Relative luciferase activities were measured and calculated as the ratio of firefly/renilla activities in the cells, and normalized to those of the SCR control. The results were presented as means±SE from three independent experiments, *P ＜ 0.05.

MiR-148a inhibited the activation of AKT, ERK,and p70S6K1 and decreased HIF-1α expression.

AKT and ERK signaling pathways are two key downstream pathways of ERBB3, and play important roles in angiogenesis and cancer development . To investigate the effect of miR-148a on their activation,we showed that levels of phospho-AKT (p-AKT) and phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) were greatly suppressed in the cells expressing miR-148a (Figs. 4A to 4D), indicating that miR-148a inhibited ERBB3 expression with functional role by decreasing downstream AKT and ERK activation. Furthermore, miR-148a overexpression inhibited p70S6K1 activation and HIF-1α expression (Fig. 4E to 4G). Given the pivotal roles of these ERBB3 downstream molecules in regulating tumor growth and angiogenesis, these results indicate that miR-148 may inhibit tumor angiogenesis via targeting ERBB3 and its downstream molecules.

Fig. 4 MiR-148a inhibited AKT and ERK activation, and HIF-1α expression. Stable breast cancer cells expressing scramble miRNA precursor (SCR) or miR-148a were obtained by puromycin selection. A：The protein levels of ERBB3, β-actin, p-AKT, total AKT, p-ERK1/2, and total ERK were analyzed by Western blotting. The relative densities of total ERBB3 (B), p-AKT (C),and p-ERK1/2 (D) levels were quantified and analyzed by Image J software from three replicate experiments, *P ＜ 0.05. E： The protein levels of p-p70S6K1, total p70S6K1, HIF-1α, and β-actin were analyzed by Western blotting. The relative densities of p-p70S6K1(F) and HIF-1α (G) levels were quantified and analyzed by Image J software from three independent experiments, *P ＜ 0.05.

Overexpression of miR-148a inhibited tumor angiogenesis in vivo

In order to study whether overexpression of miR-148a inhibits tumor angiogenesis, MCF7 cells expressing miR-148 and miR-SCR were resuspended in serum-free medium and used for angiogenesis assay on the chicken CAM of 9-d-old chicken embryos. The angiogenesis responses were analyzed on the CAM 4 d after the implantation. MCF7 breast cancer cells induced the angiogenesis responses 4-fold higher than the normal angiogenesis in the CAM, and the forced expression of miR-148a significantly inhibited cancer cell-inducing angiogenesis responses by 45% (Fig.5B). Meanwhile, cell proliferation assay indicated that the growth rate of MCF7-miR-SCR was similar to that of MCF7-miR-148a, indicating that the angiogenesis response was not due to the effect of miR-148a overexpression on cell proliferation (Fig. 5C). These results suggest that overexpression of miR-148a specifically inhibits angiogenesis.

DISCUSSION

MiRNAs act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in a variety of cancers including breast cancer. Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood capillaries are generated from the pre-existing vasculature. Angiogenesis is important for tumor growth, development,and metastasis since tumors cannot grow larger than 1-2 mm in diameter without an efficient blood supply[26]. Growing evidence demonstrates that miRNAs such as miR-378, miR-296, and the miR-17～92 cluster can regulate angiogenesis[27-29]. However, the role of miR-148a in tumor angiogenesis is unknown. ERBB3 is involved in regulating cancer initiation, tumor metastasis and angiogenesis and is important in breast cancer development[30,31]. In addition, ERBB3 is involved in acquired resistance to chemotherapy[32,33]. In this study, we demonstrated that the level of miR-148a in breast cancer cells MCF7 was lower than that in immortalized normal breast epithelial cells MCF10A,and ERBB3 is a direct target of miR-148a. This data show that miR-148a is a new regulator of ERBB3 in cancer cells, and the downregulation of miR-148a is a novel molecular mechanism for breast cancer development.

Fig. 5 MiR-148a inhibited tumor angiogenesis in vivo. A： MCF7 cells expressing lentivirus with scrambled miRNA precursor (miR-SCR) or miR-148a were used for angiogenesis assay in the CAM. The angiogenesis responses were analyzed 5 days after the implantation of the MCF7 cells. The representative photos of the CAM, the cells expressing miR-SCR or miR-148a. Bar, 2 mm.B： Relative angiogenesis responses in the CAM were calculated and analyzed from eight independent CAM tissues, and presented as means±SE (*P ＜ 0.05). C： Cell proliferation assay of MCF7-miR-SCR and MCF7-miR-148a cells was performed using CCK8 kit.

ERBB3 can heterodimerize with ERBB2 to activate AKT and ERK signaling pathways in different cells.Consistent with ERBB3 inhibition, forced expression of miR-148a in breast cancer cells inhibited the activation of ERBB3 downstream molecules including AKT, ERK1/2, and p70S6K1. MiR-148a also suppressed HIF-1α expression, which is a rate-limiting subunit for forming functional HIF-1 transcription factor. HIF-1 regulates the expression of VEGF and other angiogenesis regulators[34]. Thus, we hypothesize that miR-148a inhibits breast tumor angiogenesis. To support this hypothesis, we demonstrated that miR-148a overexpression attenuated breast tumor angiogenesis induced by MCF7 cells. In summary,this study demonstrates that miR-148 directly targets ERBB3 through the seed sequence binding site at its 3’-UTR. Reduced expression of miR-148a in breast cancer cells leads to the elevation of ERBB3 expression to activate AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways,which may in turn increase p70S6K1 activation and HIF-1α expression. miR-148a attenuates angiogenesis likely through directly inhibiting ERBB3 for transmitting the signals to its downstream signaling molecules.Our findings suggest that miR-148a/ERBB3 pathway would be a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer in the future.

Acknowledgements

We thank Chuanxiu Bian for her technical assistance.

[1] Lai EC. Micro RNAs are complementary to 3’ UTR sequence motifs that mediate negative post-transcriptional regulation. Nat Genet 2002;30：363-4.

[2] Ambros V. microRNAs： tiny regulators with great potential. Cell 2001;107：823-6.

[3] Ryan BM, Robles AI, Harris CC. Harris. Genetic variation in microRNA networks： the implications for cancer research. Nat Rev Cancer 2010;10：389-402.

[4] Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 2005;435：834-8.

[5] Tchernitsa O, Kasajima A, Schafer R, Kuban RJ,Ungethum U, Gyorffy B, et al. Systematic evaluation of the miRNA-ome and its downstream effects on mRNA expression identifies gastric cancer progression. J Pathol 2010;222：310-9.

[6] Visone R, Rassenti LZ, Veronese A, Taccioli C,Costinean S, Aguda BD, et al. Karyotype-specific microRNA signature in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2009;114：3872-9.

[7] Chen Y, Song Y, Wang Z, Yue Z, Xu H, Xing C,et al. Altered expression of MiR-148a and MiR-152 in gastrointestinal cancers and its clinical significance. J Gastrointest Surg 2010;14：1170-9.

[8] Hummel R, Hussey DJ, Michael MZ, Haier J,Bruewer M, Senninger N, et al. MiRNAs and Their Association with Locoregional Staging and Survival Following Surgery for Esophageal Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2011;18：253-60.

[9] Schwind S, Marcucci G, Maharry K, Radmacher MD, Mrozek K, Holland KB, et al. BAALC and ERG expression levels are associated with outcome and distinct gene and microRNA expression profiles in older patients with de novo cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia： a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Blood 2010;116：5660-9.

[10] Lujambio A, Calin GA, Villanueva A, Ropero S,Sanchez-Cespedes M, Blanco D, et al. A microRNA DNA methylation signature for human cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105：13556-61.

[11] Fujita Y, Kojima K, Ohhashi R, Hamada N, Nozawa Y, Kitamoto A, et al. MiR-148a attenuates paclitaxel resistance of hormone-refractory, drug-resistant prostate cancer PC3 cells by regulating MSK1 expression. J Biol Chem 2010;285：19076-84.

[12] Murata T, Takayama K, Katayama S, Urano T, Horie-Inoue K, Ikeda K, et al. miR-148a is an androgen-responsive microRNA that promotes LNCaP prostate cell growth by repressing its target CAND1 expression. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2010;13：356-61.

[13] Duursma AM, Kedde M, Schrier M, le Sage C,Agami R. miR-148 targets human DNMT3b protein coding region. RNA 2008;14：872-7.

[14] Takagi S, Nakajima M, Mohri T, Yokoi T. Posttranscriptional regulation of human pregnane X receptor by micro-RNA affects the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4. J Biol Chem 2008;283：9674-80.

[15] Braconi C, Huang N, Patel T. MicroRNA-dependent regulation of DNA methyltransferase-1 and tumor suppressor gene expression by interleukin-6 in human malignant cholangiocytes. Hepatology 2010;51：881-90.

[16] Olayioye MA, Neve RM, Lane HA, Hynes NE. The ErbB signaling network： receptor heterodimerization in development and cancer. EMBO J 2000;19：3159-67.

[17] Yarden Y, Sliwkowski MX. Untangling the ErbB signalling network. Nat. Rev. Mol Cell Biol 2001;2：127-37.

[18] Lemoine NR, Barnes DM, Hollywood DP, Hughes CM, Smith P, Dublin E, et al. Expression of the ERBB3 gene product in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1992;66：1116-21.

[19] Huang X, Gao L, Wang S, McManaman JL, Thor AD, Yang X, et al. Heterotrimerization of the growth factor receptors erbB2, erbB3, and insulinlike growth factor-i receptor in breast cancer cells resistant to herceptin. Cancer Res 2010;70：1204-14.

[20] Wu H, Zhu S, Mo YY. Suppression of cell growth and invasion by miR-205 in breast cancer. Cell Res 2009;19：439-48.

[21] Scott GK, Goga A, Bhaumik D, Berger CE, Sullivan CS, Benz CC. Coordinate suppression of ERBB2 and ERBB3 by enforced expression of micro-RNA miR-125a or miR-125b. J Biol Chem 2007;282：1479-86.

[22] Folkman J, Watson K, Ingber D, Hanahan D. Induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia. Nature 1989;339：58-61.

[23] Eilken HM, Adams RH. Turning on the angiogenic microswitch. Nat Med 2010;16：853-4.

[24] Kamalati T, Jolin HE, Fry MJ, Crompton MR.Expression of the BRK tyrosine kinase in mammary epithelial cells enhances the coupling of EGF signalling to PI 3-kinase and Akt, via erbB3 phosphorylation. Oncogene 2000;19：5471-6.

[25] Knowlden JM, Hutcheson IR, Jones HE, Madden T, Gee JM, Harper ME, et al. Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells. Endocrinology 2003;144：1032-44.

[26] Folkman J. Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Clinical applications of research on angiogenesis. N Engl J Med 1995;333：1757-63.

[27] Lee DY, Deng Z, Wang CH, Yang BB. Micro-RNA-378 promotes cell survival, tumor growth,and angiogenesis by targeting SuFu and Fus-1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104：20350-5.

[28] Wurdinger T, Tannous BA, Saydam O, Skog J,Grau S, Soutschek J, et al. miR-296 regulates growth factor receptor overexpression in angiogenic endothelial cells. Cancer Cell 2008;14：382-93.

[29] Dews M, Fox JL, Hultine S, Sundaram P, Wang W, Liu YY, et al. The myc-miR-17～92 axis blunts TGF{beta} signaling and production of multiple TGF{beta}-dependent antiangiogenic factors.Cancer Res 2010;70：8233-46.

[30] Hatake K, Tokudome N, Ito Y. Next generation molecular targeted agents for breast cancer： focus on EGFR and VEGFR pathways. Breast Cancer 2007;14：132-49.

[31] Navolanic PM, Steelman LS, McCubrey JA.EGFR family signaling and its association with breast cancer development and resistance to chemotherapy (Review). Int. Oncol 2003;22：237-52.

[32] Dews M, Homayouni A, Yu D, Murphy D, Sevignani C, Wentzel E, et al. Augmentation of tumor angiogenesis by a Myc-activated microRNA cluster. Nat Genet 2006;38：1060-5.

[33] Wang S, Huang X, Lee CK, Liu B. Elevated expression of erbB3 confers paclitaxel resistance in erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells via upregulation of Survivin. Oncogene 2010;29：4225-36.

[34] Semenza GL. Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy.Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3：721-32.

[35] Wang X. A PCR-based platform for microRNA expression profiling studies. RNA 2009;15：716-23.

[36] Chen C, Ridzon DA, Broomer AJ, Zhou Z, Lee DH, Nguyen JT, et al. Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2005;33：e179.

[37] Jiang BH, Zheng JZ, Aoki M, Vogt PK. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling mediates angiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97：1749-53.