颜庆智,闫相祯,江立群
(1.中国石油大学 储运与建筑工程学院,山东青岛 266555;2.中煤国际重庆分公司,重庆 400016)
埕岛粉喷桩复合地基应力比试验
颜庆智1,闫相祯1,江立群2
(1.中国石油大学 储运与建筑工程学院,山东青岛 266555;2.中煤国际重庆分公司,重庆 400016)
桩土应力比是反映桩体和桩间土协同工作的重要指标,也是复合地基承载力和沉降计算的重要参数,与地基土的物理力学性质密切相关,影响因素复杂。结合某大型工程,首次对埕岛软土上粉喷桩复合地基进行大型应力比试验,得到埕岛粉喷桩复合地基应力比随荷载、时间、褥垫层厚度、褥垫层刚度的变化规律,并进行有限元分析,对两种结果进行对比。结果表明:粉喷桩复合地基桩土应力比值没有时间效应;粉喷桩复合地基桩土应力比与褥垫层厚度负相关,一定厚度褥垫层可协调桩土工作,宜试验确定最佳厚度范围;应力比与褥垫层弹性模量正相关,模量达到某一值时桩土应力比不再变化,应根据桩体材料选用适当弹性模量褥垫材料;该地区粉喷桩复合地基桩土应力比主要分布在6.5~9.0。
埕岛软土;粉喷桩复合地基;褥垫层;桩土应力比;承载性能;试验
桩土应力比,即复合地基中桩顶上的平均应力与桩周土上的平均应力的比值,是反映复合地基工作性状的一个重要参数[1-2]。桩土应力比与地基土的物理力学性质密切相关,而且桩体材料、地基土特性、桩长、桩径、水泥掺入比、面积置换率、荷载水平、时间等因素都会影响桩土应力比的变化规律[3]。桩土应力比的理论计算较困难,目前尚无被工程界接受的较完善的计算模式,桩土应力比的试验研究非常有必要和有价值[4],不同地区都应该在工程实践中试验确定桩土间应力比,避免盲目性和不确定性。
粉喷桩复合地基不但增加软土地基承载力,还可以改善地基土的抗震液化性状,对胜利油田地面建设和城市建设有重要意义[5-6]。埕岛地区软土有独特的物理力学特性[7],东营地区是第一次进行大型粉喷桩复合地基应力比试验。
试验场区为深厚软土土层,具有含水量高、孔隙比大、承载力低等特点,采用粉喷桩进行加固处理,桩长9.0 m,桩径0.5 m,对粉喷桩进行加固处理的主要是第② ~④ 层土,主要土层的物理力学性质见表1。
表1 主要土层物理力学性质Table 1 Physical and mechanical properties in main soil
粉喷桩单桩详见《建筑基桩检测技术规范》(JGJ106-2003)[8]附录 C;桩间土及原状土详见《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB50007-2002)[9]附录 C;复合地基详见《建筑地基处理技术规范》(JGJ79-2002)[10]附录 A。
测点预先埋设土压力盒,静载荷选用直径110 mm的国产钢弦式土压力盒、50 cm直径硅油囊,桩顶采用500 kPa钢弦式土压力盒,桩间土采用300 kPa钢弦式土压力盒。
用土压力盒在桩顶上、桩间土上分别测出桩应力和土应力,同时计算桩土应力比。加载时间从砂垫层施工开始。
以2个土压力盒为一组,1个置于桩上,1个置于桩间土上,进行两组复合地基的桩土应力比测试试验[11]。
粉喷桩复合地基的桩土应力比随荷载变化曲线见图1。加载初期,荷载通过褥垫层均匀传递到桩和桩间土上,变形很小,桩和桩间土应力呈线性关系,符合虎克定律。继续增加外荷载,桩上应力集中加剧[12],当荷载为280 kPa时,桩土应力比达到最大值,桩体开始进入局部塑性状态,不能再承担更多荷载,外加荷载增量向桩间土转移,桩土应力比突然减小[13],最后桩和桩间土共同进入塑性状态,复合地基破坏。桩土应力比主要分布在6.5~9.0。
图1 桩土应力比-荷载曲线Fig.1 Curve of pile-soil stress ratio to load
复合地基的桩土应力比测试时间为120 d,加载为200 kPa,在荷载恒定的情况下,桩土应力比随时间的变化曲线见图2。由图2可见,随着时间递增,桩土应力比不变,没有时间效应。
图2 桩土应力比-时间曲线Fig.2 Curve of pile-soil stress ratio to time
图3为桩土应力比与褥垫层厚度的关系。由图3可见,随褥垫层厚度增加,桩土应力比急剧减小。褥垫层厚度大到一定值,桩土应力比变小的速度趋于平缓。
图3 桩土应力比-褥垫层厚度曲线Fig.3 Pile-soil stress ratio-cushion thickness curve
桩土应力比随褥垫层变形模量的变化曲线见图4。由图4可知,随着垫层模量的增加,桩土应力比也在逐渐增加。当垫层模量达到某一值,桩土应力比趋于平缓。应根据不同工程,选用适当的材料,且确定最佳厚度范围。
图4 桩土应力比-褥垫层变形模量曲线Fig.4 Pile-soil stress ratio-cushion modulus curve
图5为单桩及多桩复合地基桩土应力比随荷载的变化曲线(有限元计算值与试验值对比)。由图5看出,有限元计算值与实测值吻合较好,结果可靠。
图5 单桩及多桩复合地基桩土应力比随荷载变化曲线Fig.5 Pile-soil stress ratio contrast curve of single pile composite foundation and group piles composite foundation
(1)粉喷桩复合地基桩土应力比没有时间效应。
(2)粉喷桩复合地基桩土应力比与褥垫层厚度负相关。一定厚度褥垫层可协调桩土工作,宜试验确定最佳厚度范围。应力比与褥垫层弹性模量正相关,达到某一值,桩土应力比不再变化,应根据桩体材料,选用适当弹性模量褥垫材料。
(3)该地区粉喷桩复合地基桩土应力比主要分布在6.5~9.0。
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Experiment of pile-soil stress ratio of DJM pile composite foundation in Chengdao
YAN Qing-zhi1,YAN Xiang-zhen1,JIANG Li-qun2
(1.College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering in China University of Petroleum,Qingdao266555,China;2.China Coal International Chongqing Branch,Chongqing400016,China)
Pile-soil stress ratio is a very important indicator to reflect the level of the together-work of the pile and soil,also a major parameter calculating bearing capacity of composite foundation and settlement,and it is interrelated with the physical and mechanical properties of the soil,whose influencing factor is also complicated.Combined with a large-scale project,the large stress ratio test to the DJM pile composite foundation in the soft clay of Chengdao was conducted.The regulations of the pile-soil stress ratio of DJM pile composite foundation with the change of load,time,thickness and stiffness of pillow in Chengdao region were obtained.The finite element analysis was carried out,and these two results were compared.The results show that there is no time effect to the pile-soil stress ratio of DJM pile composite foundation.The pile-soil stress ratio of DJM pile composite foundation is negative correlation to the thickness of pillow.The pillow with a certain thickness could coordinate the work of the pile-soil,and the best thickness range should be confirmed by experiments.The pile-soil stress ratio of DJM pile composite foundation is positive correlation to the elastic modulus of pillow.Pile-soil stress ratio would never change when the elastic modulus reaches a certain value.The pillow material with proper elastic modulus should be chosen based on the pile material.The numerical value of the pile-soil stress ratio of DJM pile composite foundation in this region mainly distributed from 6.5 to 9.0.
soft clay of Chengdao;DJM pile composite foundation;pillow;pile-soil stress ratio;bearing performance;experiment
TE 357.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5005.2011.06.022
1673-5005(2011)06-0131-04
2011-02-22
颜庆智(1962-),男(汉族),山东青岛人,副教授,博士研究生,主要从事土木工程教学和研究工作。
(编辑 沈玉英)