张 婍, 王晶晶, 李正跃, 陈 斌
(农业生物多样性与病虫害控制教育部重点实验室,生物多样性研究与应用技术国家工程中心,云南农业大学植物保护学院,昆明 650201)
西花蓟马(Frankliniellaoccidentalis)属缨翅目(Thysanoptera)蓟马科(Thripidae)花蓟马属(Frankliniella),起源于美国和加拿大的西部山区[1]。目前,该虫已遍及美洲、欧洲、亚洲、非洲、大洋洲等,成为一种世界性的重要害虫[2]。西花蓟马个体小,发生隐蔽,化学农药防治较难[3],而且化学杀虫剂会带来害虫抗药性增强、环境污染、害虫再猖獗等副作用。因此,充分发挥天敌资源的作用,寻找环境友好型的防治措施已成为建立西花蓟马防控体系和蓟马综合治理研究的重要内容。
根据 AGRICOLA、CABI Abstracts、AGRIS国内外文献资料,西花蓟马的天敌约有60种,包括天敌昆虫50种,昆虫病原线虫5种,虫生真菌5种(表1)。
表1 西花蓟马的天敌种类
续表1
捕食西花蓟马的蝽类主要包括小花蝽类、杂食性盲蝽类,其中的许多种类已在欧洲广泛应用。国内研究较多的为东亚小花蝽(Oriussauteri)。东亚小花蝽分布广、活动能力强、田间数量多,其若虫和成虫分别捕食西花蓟马的若虫与成虫,对西花蓟马的自然控制能力强[41-44]。在室内26℃条件下,小花蝽2、4龄若虫对蓟马若虫日捕食量分别为18.2头和38.2头[42],对蓟马成虫日捕食量分别为9.2头和23.0头[41]。然而,东亚小花蝽成虫间存在竞争现象,在相同西花蓟马密度下,其若虫、成虫的平均捕食量随着东亚小花蝽成虫密度的增大逐渐减少,捕食率也相应降低[43-44]。
捕食西花蓟马的螨类主要是钝绥螨,目前研究和应用较多的为黄瓜新小绥螨(黄瓜钝绥螨)(Neoseiuluscucumeris)、钝绥螨(A.degenerans)和木槿真绥螨(A.hibisci)等。其中,黄瓜新小绥螨已在荷兰、英国、法国等国家人工大量繁殖,广泛用于防治温室大棚蔬菜和花卉上的西花蓟马[45]。钝绥螨和木槿真绥螨在低湿、短日照条件下对西花蓟马具有明显的控制潜力[24]。高山小盲绥螨(Typhlodromipsmontdorensis)在25℃条件下,对蓟马1龄若虫的日捕食量达7.23~14.44头[46]。另外,巴氏新小绥螨(NeoseiulusbarkeriHughes)对西花蓟马种群数量具有明显的控制作用,雌成螨捕食西花蓟马1龄若虫7~12头/d[47]。
此外,由于98%西花蓟马进入土壤中化蛹。因此,土栖型的捕食性螨兵下盾螨[H.miles(Berlese)]和尖狭下盾螨[Hypoaspisaculeifer(Canestrini)]对蛹期西花蓟马的控制效果更好[48]。
尼氏蓟马线虫(Thripinemanicklewoodi)对不同虫态蓟马的寄生率均较高,对西花蓟马雌成虫的平均寄生率为75.3%。寄生效应缩减了西花蓟马的寿命,且雄虫更加明显。此线虫对不同虫态蓟马的寄生率存在显著性差异,对2龄若虫的寄生率最高,为(70.0±16.4)%,其次为1龄若虫与预蛹,寄生率为(63.3±17.2)%。此外,尼氏蓟马线虫对西花蓟马雌雄虫的致病率也不同,对蛹、雄成虫、雌成虫的寄生率分别为 (30.0±16.4)%、(26.7±15.8)%和(13.3±12.2)%[49]。Lemma等研究表明,嗜菌异小杆线虫(Heterorhabditisbacteriophora)HK3(H.b H)、HB Brecan(H.b B)、夜蛾斯氏线虫(Steinernemafeltiae)Sylt(S.f S)、OBSIII(S.f O)、CR(S.f C)、卷蛾斯氏线虫(S.carpocapsae)DD136(S.c D)对西花蓟马土栖阶段均有良好的防治效果[28],西花蓟马若虫被该6品系寄生后其死亡率均达50%以上。同时,所有供试线虫均导致预蛹期蓟马的死亡率显著升高,其中H.b H、S.f S侵染后蛹期西花蓟马死亡率最高,达70%,而S.f S、H.b H寄生后蛹期西花蓟马的死亡率分别为54.5%、29.4%。此外,在100~200 IJs/cm2时西花蓟马死亡率为30%~50%,当在相对较高浓度时则可能会获得更高的死亡率[30]。西花蓟马蛹在土壤中的深度对病原线虫(印度异小杆线虫H.indicaLN2品系和双角斯氏线虫S.bicornutum)防治效果具有显著影响,蛹在土壤中的深度越深,则所需印度异小杆线虫浓度越高。低浓度昆虫病原线虫致使80%西花蓟马蛹深位于3~5 cm,高浓度昆虫病原线虫致使45%~48%西花蓟马蛹深位于1~3 cm[50]。但嗜菌异小杆线虫(H.bacteriophora)HP88能够从更深土壤中搜索到西花蓟马的预蛹和蛹,使西花蓟马数量下降38%[51]。
虫生真菌能在自然条件下通过体壁接触感染并杀死 害 虫[52]。蜡 蚧 轮 枝 菌 (VerticilliumlecaniiZimm)、球孢白僵菌(Beauveriabassiana)和绿僵菌(Metariziumanisopliae)及小孢新接合霉(Neozyhitesparvispora)、多毛孢属(HirsutellaPatouillard)均可寄生西花蓟马[33,53]。田间自然条件下引入捕食性天敌昆虫,可与虫生真菌联合控制蓟马的种群数量,提高控制效果[40]。金龟子绿僵菌[Metarhiziumanisopliae(Metsch.)Sorok]对豇豆大蓟马[Megalurothripssjostedti]和西花蓟马有高致病性,用菌后,2龄若虫的死亡高峰期出现在接种后第5天,早期2龄若虫比晚期2龄若虫更易受到真菌侵染[37]。Neil等研究发现,一绿僵菌菌株对西花蓟马化蛹前期与化蛹后控制效果分别为74.5%和26.6%[54]。
此外,白僵菌GHA对于温室西花蓟马有显著的控制效果,致死率69%~85%。低剂量(LD5033~66孢子/头蓟马)GHA处理也有很好效果[55]。用菌后,2龄若虫的死亡高峰期出现在接种后第5天,早期2龄若虫比晚期2龄若虫更易受到真菌侵染[55]。控制效果随蓟马种群密度而异,在密度较高时有显著控制效果,密度较低时,控制效果不明显[35]。
据报道,中华草蛉、一些寄生蜂种类等对蓟马种群具有自然控制作用。张安盛等研究了中华草蛉对西花蓟马的捕食作用。结果表明,在18、22、26、30、34℃条件下,中华草蛉幼虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling II型方程,且其捕食量随西花蓟马若虫密度的增加而增大,而搜寻效应随西花蓟马若虫密度的增加而降低[21]。
Loomans等研究发现,葱蓟马姬小蜂(Ceranisu menesWaller)和美洲蓟马姬小蜂(C.americensisGirault)对西花蓟马具有防治效果[16-17]。原革鞍螨(Protogamasellopsisposnaniensis)对西花蓟马捕食作用明显,每头每天捕杀西花蓟马约4.3头。原革鞍螨日产卵量5.6粒,取食西花蓟马的存活率大于98%[56]。蚁形隐翅甲(Athetacoriaria)对于温室西花蓟马的防治有很好的应用前景[57]。
2.6.1 捕食螨与线虫的联合控制作用
联合使用线虫与捕食螨对土壤中蛹期西花蓟马具有良好的防治潜力,将尖狭下盾螨(Hypoaspis aculeifer)(H)与嗜菌异小杆线虫(Heterorhabditis bacteriophoraPoinar)(HK3)或夜蛾斯氏线虫[Steinernemafeltiae(Filipjev)](SFN)同时释放后,西花蓟马虫口密度显著低于单独使用的效果,单独使用尖狭下盾螨H,芜菁夜蛾斯氏线虫SFN,嗜菌异小杆线虫HK3使西花蓟马发生率分别降低了46%,46%,61%;联合施用 H-SFN,H-HK3使西花蓟马发生率分别降低了71%,82%[26]。
Ebssa等报道同时释放嗜菌异小杆线虫、印度异小杆线虫和黄瓜新小绥螨时,由于螨的出现导致大量蓟马2龄若虫从植物上掉落到土壤而进入蛹期。由此,增加了被线虫寄生的蓟马若虫的数量。同时释放捕食螨10头/株,线虫200IJs/cm2可以使83%的蓟马得到控制。因此,联合使用捕食螨和线虫,对蓟马若虫、蛹具有良好的控制效果[31]。同时,据报道,联合释放黄瓜新小绥螨和小花蝽可使西花蓟马种群数量下降63.7%~92.7%,在西花蓟马的寄主植物上和土壤中联合立体释放天敌,可有效降低天敌间的兼性捕食/干扰作用,从而显著提高天敌对西花蓟马的控制作用[58]。
2.6.2 虫生真菌的携带传播控害作用
利用授粉昆虫的带菌技术是害虫防治的新手段。利用熊蜂(Bombusimpatiens)携带白僵菌在温室中传播来控制西花蓟马,接种后第1、4天对西花蓟马的平均感染率为40%、34%,而对照仅为3%[59]。
无毛小花蝽(Oriuslaevigatus)能携带传播蜡蚧轮枝菌Lecanicilliumlongisporum、L.muscarium,成功地将体表携带的虫生真菌散布在甜椒叶片上,使植株上蚜虫和蓟马虫口减退率分别达到66%和95%[60]。夜蛾斯氏线虫蜡蚧轮枝菌结合化学杀虫剂大大增加了蓟马的死亡率[61-62]。
因此,利用天敌生物虽不能成为对蓟马的唯一防治措施,但可与其他方法联合使用,提高防治效果,延缓蓟马对化学农药产生抗药性[63]。
天敌选择寄主的过程包括寄主栖境的确定、寄主的确定、接受寄主等。因此,调控天敌生境及其环境中的植被是提高天敌生物防治功能的基础。天敌假说(natural enemy hypothesis)理论认为,复合耕作系统中天敌昆虫的食物资源(如替代寄主、花粉、花蜜等)相对充足,因而天敌种类和密度比单一耕作系统中要高[64]。因此,在害虫种群密度较低时,运用人工模拟蜜露喷施糖液的方法吸引天敌在田间聚集,可以避免自然情况下因天敌对害虫的跟随作用造成的时间滞后性,能有效控制害虫种群数量的上升[65]。
东亚小花蝽产卵时对夏至草具有极强的选择性[66]。因此,在果园及周围环境中保留或种植适量的夏至草,有利于果园东亚小花蝽的前期增殖和种群的建立[66]。Paul等采用数学模型和试验的方法研究了添加花粉对捕食螨Iphiseiusdegenerans(Berlese)和西花蓟马种群动态的影响,建立了“捕食者-被捕食者-花粉”模型,表明花粉的提供能够使被捕食者数量稳定在低水平[67]。国外研究证实在菊花植物上添加苹果花粉能够提高黄瓜新小绥螨对西花蓟马的控制作用[68]。郅军锐等研究结果表明,在释放黄瓜新小绥螨处理下添加花粉对西花蓟马的为害水平无显著影响[69]。
施肥、喷施化学农药是农业生产的重要组成部分。然而,喷施化学农药对天敌有直接影响。同时,施肥可以使植物产生影响昆虫行为的化学物质,从而影响生物防治效果。化学农药大量、过度、不合理的使用是影响天敌生存和发展的重要因素,如阿维菌素3种亚致死浓度0.002、0.006 mg/L和0.02 mg/L处理后,黄瓜新小绥螨雌成螨的产卵量分别减少了23.6%、33.5% 和59.3%[70]。在 浓 度8 mg/L和16 mg/L时,智利小植绥螨成螨的存活率平均降低了54.3%[71]。因此,在使用化学农药时要特别注意在时空上的选择,应尽可能错开释放天敌昆虫发育的时期。
西花蓟马天敌种类已有不少研究报道,其成虫、若虫及土中栖息的蛹均有不同的天敌。但目前能规模化繁殖、广泛应用于防治实践的天敌尚十分有限,其原因之一是缺乏控害能力较强的天敌。因此,还应继续加强对西花蓟马天敌资源的调查,以筛选获得高效的天敌。同时还需加强对不同种类天敌控害潜能的研究,研究天敌昆虫的繁殖条件和繁殖技术,以提高对天敌昆虫的利用能力。
盲蝽科很多种类属于杂食性,可取食植物和动物。目前,杂食性盲蝽(黑带多盲蝽、中华微刺盲蝽)对节瓜蓟马的捕食作用已有报道[72-74],但尚无盲蝽对西花蓟马捕食和控制作用的研究报道。同时,由于杂食性盲蝽可取食植物,但当其密度较低或寄主猎物充足情况下不对植物构成危害。因此,在杂食性盲蝽类对西花蓟马的捕食效应及应用研究中应综合考虑其对植物的危害。
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