名词与冠词考点例析

赵中兰

一、高考测试分析

名词在高考测试中占有重要地位，从历年高考试题可以看出，各省市试卷几乎都涉及到名词的考查，如抽象名词具体化、名词的可数与不可数问题、名词作定语、名词的所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。冠词也是高考英语的常考点，主要考查考生对冠词的基本用法的理解和掌握情况。此外，还涉及到冠词与名词共同考查的问题。冠词与名词一起合用有三种情况:即定冠词与单数可数名词可以表示类指;不定冠词与单数可数名词也可以表示类指;零冠词与可数名词的复数表示类指。

二、高考考查内容探析

(一)抽象名词的具体化与冠词考查

1.抽象名词表示具体或特定时，前面应用“不定冠词”。

(1)表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现，常用“a/an+抽象名词”;“a/an+adj.+抽象名词”的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如:

China has got a good _______ for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization. [2009年高考安徽卷]

A. reputationB. influence

C. impressionD. knowledge

【简析】A 考查抽象名词具体化。“get a good reputation”表示赢得好名声。influence“影响力，权力，势力”;impression“印象;感想”;knowledge “知识;认识;知道，了解;消息”。

(2)状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿，常与have/take/get等词搭配。如:

For many Beijingers， dreams of living in_____green area are becoming____reality.

A. a;a B. the;the C.不填;不填 D.不填;a

【简析】A 考查了学生对抽象名词具体化的掌握。抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示性质类别的修饰词，指概念的“一种”“一类”“一次”等时，可用不定冠词，例如:Physics is a science.

(3)表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人和事等。如:

Washing machines made by China have won worldwide attention and Haier has becomepopular name. [2009年高考重庆卷]

A. a;theB. /;a C. /;the D. the;a

【简析】B考查冠词与抽象名词。worldwide attention“世界的关注”为抽象名词，看做不可数。第二空表示海尔成为一种很受欢迎的品牌。

2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时，前面用不定冠词，使之具体化。如:

Some people fear that _______air pollution may bring about changes in_______weather around the world. [2009年高考江西卷]

A. /; theB. the; / C. an; theD. the; a

【简析】A 考查冠词用法。air pollution 是抽象名词，这里是泛指，weather是特指全球的气候，根据the weather around the world可知。

In order to find_______better job， he decided to study______second foreign language. [2009年高考四川卷]

A. the;a B. a;aC. the;theD. a;the

【简析】B该题的意思是:为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学习另外一门外语。第一空表示泛指;第二空用“a +序数词+名词”表示 “又一，再一”。

(二)冠词有无意义不同

有无冠词含义有别，这种现象常常是一些固定搭配，学习时可通过对比记忆。如:out of question 毫无疑问的，out of the question 不可能的;take place发生，take the place (of) 代替;two of them 他们中的两个，the two of them 他们两个;by day 在白天，by the day 按天计算;on earth 究竟，on the earth 在地球上等。

(三)名词的数和所有格

名词的数主要包括名词的可数与不可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。如:

The ______ shoes were covered with mud， so I asked them to take them off before they got into _______ car. [2009年高考江西卷]

A. girls; TomsB. girls; Toms

C. girls; TomsD. girls; Toms

【简析】C 名词所有格形式。根据题干后半部分的them可知对应复数girls。

(四)名词作定语

The ______is just around the corner and you wont miss it.

A. bicycles shopB. bicycle shop

C. bicycles shopD. bicycle shop

【简析】B 考查名词作定语。在此bicycle是起修饰作用的名词，不表示所有关系而表示类别，且名词作定语须用单数形式，故bicycle shop正确。

(五)集合名词与谓语

1.某些集体名词，如:family，team，class，club，audience，committee，crowd，government，party，public，enemy，group，population，couple等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看，谓语动词用单数;如果作为成员讲，谓语动词用复数。某些集体名词，如:people，police，cattle等，只有复数形式，谓语动词须用复数。如:The police are searching for him.警察们正在搜寻他。但people作民族讲时，用作单数。

(六)名词近义词在语境中的辨析

The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without anywhen the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April， 2009.[2009年高考福建卷]

A. delayB. effortC. schedule D. consideration

【简析】A 名词词义辨析。delay:耽搁,延误;effort:努力;schedule:时间表;consideration:考虑,体谅;关心。题干意思是:当甲型H1N1流感2009年4月袭击墨西哥时,世界卫生组织毫不犹豫地向人们提出了警告。

【小试牛刀】

1.Young as he is, David has gained_____rich experience in ______ society.

A. 不填;不填B. the;the

C. a;不填 D.不填;the

2.People regard the wheel as ______invention of the first importance in_____ human history.

A. an;the B. an;不填

C. the;the D. the;不填

3.Mr Stock,who is in Mexico on,runs small business.

A. business;aB. business;不填

C. the business;a D. business;不填

4.______on-going division between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians is_______ major concern of the country.

A. The;不填B. The;a

C. An;the D. An;不填

5. ——He says that my new car is a _____of money.

——Dont you think those words are just sour grapes?

A. lackB. loadC. question D. waste

6.Many people are still in _____ habit of writing silly things in____ public places.

A. the;theB. 不填;不填

C. the;不填 D. 不填;the

7._______ it is to go swimming on such a hot day!

A. What fun B. How fun

C. What a fun D. How a fun

8.The dress is nice but she doesnt like the ______on the material.

A. shape B. sizeC. modelD. pattern

9._______of the solar eclipse(日全食) has aroused great interest across Asia and the____“eclipse” has quickly been the hottest click on the Internet.

A. A word;wordsB. The word;word

C. Word;word D. Words;word

10.Though I spoke to him many times,he never took any _____of what I said.

A. remark B. observation

C. attentionD. notice

11. Last night the president made a speech on TV to the ______.

A. countryB. state C. 1and D. nation

12. The old house belongs to _______.

A. Jacks and his brother

B. Jacks and his brothers

C. Jack and his brothers

D. Jack and his brother

13. The young student is______as a writer.Its ______ to all his teachers.

A. success;surpriseB. a success;surprise

C. success;a surprise D. a success;a surprise

14. My mothers______is getting grey,but my father has only a few grey ________.

A. hairs;hairB. hair;hairs

C. hair;hair D. hairs;hairs

15. Well have PE this afternoon but I forgot to bring my _______ .

A. sports clothesB. sport clothes

C. clothes of sports D. sports clothes

Keys:1-5 ABABD6-10 CADCD11-14 DCDBA