“一般过去时”教学纪实

张　鹏

【编者按】在英语教学中,情境(situation)主要指进行语言交际的外部具体场合。因此,在交际中构成语境(context)的依据是话语或文句意义所处的外部世界的特征,所谓教学中的情境都是模拟的。而情境教学法,是指教师根据学生的年龄特点和心理特征,遵循反映论的认知规律,结合教学内容,充分利用形象,创设具体生动的场景,使抽象的语言形式变成生动具体的可视语言,创设尽可能多的英语语言环境,让学生更多地感受英语(feel English)、说英语(speak English)、用英语进行思维(think in English)、用英语的方式主导行为(behave in English)。该教学法的特点是:将言、行、情境融为一体,有较强的直观性、科学性和趣味性。

日前,牡丹江市教育教学研究院初中部英语学科就“在情境中讲语法”这一问题开展研讨活动。本期将呈现两位教师的探索,以期为其他教师教学提供一个参照,以便就此问题进行更深的探索与研究。

【回放】

教学背景:一般过去时表示的是过去发生的事或存在的状态,根据这个时态的特点我通过回放镜头的形式来回顾难以忘怀的2008年。通过对其中几件大事的谈论使学生很容易理解一般过去时的含义,从而能更好地进一步学习并掌握一般过去时的知识结构。通过北京奥运会和神七飞天这两件大事我创设了三个情境:回顾2008年北京奥运会引入一般过去时;谈论北京奥运会的比赛引入一般过去时句式的学习;写一篇关于神七飞天的短文。

情境一:通过播放2008年北京奥运会主题曲《我和你》,使学生回想到过去的2008年。通过回放镜头一,教师呈现有关北京奥运会的精彩画面,让学生谈论过去发生的事情,并把回顾片段整理成一篇短文,以不同的方式体现动词过去式和时间状语,然后自然引入本节课学习的核心内容——一般过去时。

为解决生词问题,我在课件图片的相应位置进行注释,并让这些生词反复出现,在学生在不知不觉中理解、消化。

T: When we hear this song,it will remind us of the year of 2008. As we know,the year of 2008 is very important to our Chinese! There are many remarkable things.

Yesterday evening I looked back on the year of 2008. One of the most exciting moments was the Beijing Olympics. Now lets look back on the first scene.

(Show some pictures about the Beijing Olympics and talk about them.)

T: Lets look back on the whole course.

(Show the passage with different past verbs and time adverbials on the screen.)

Yesterday evening I looked back on the year of 2008.One of the most exciting moments was the Beijing Olympics.When people passed on the torch in Paris in April last year,Jin Jing protected the torch not to be robbed by others. On August 8th,2008,Li Ning lighted the main torch in the Birds Nest. The opening ceremony became the most unforgettable moment! However,onAugust 18 th,Liu Xiang left the Birds Nest. It made us disappointed. And there was a famous swimming star all over the world,Michael Phelps . Just one day ago,hegot the eighth gold medal in the Water Cube. We had so many interesting and exciting moments to remember. I think the Beijing Olympics is the most successful in history.

T: OK. From the passage we know when we talk about the past things,we should use the Simple Past Tense. Today we will learn the grammar —— The Simple Past Tense.

情境二:奥运会比赛中,奖牌的归属是为人津津乐道的。我围绕奥运会游泳、乒乓球比赛的精彩画面来创设情境,通过让学生观察图片内容,采用师生问答的形式引出一般过去时的不同句式。而在学生感知不同句式之后,再次呈现前面有关回顾奥运会的短文,让学生根据短文内容,用所给动词的适当形式填空,以此来检验学生的实际应用能力。至此学生都是在反复回顾2008年奥运会精彩片段,在这一背景的情境中感知、学习和巩固一般过去时,同时也在为下一个环节—操练句型做铺垫。

New drills

1. Present the new drill in the simple past tense.

T: There are many winners in the Beijing Olympics. Look at this picture. Do you know her?(Show a picture of Liu Zige.)

Ss: …

T: Her name is Liu Zige. Was she a swimming player last year?

Ss: Yes,she was.

T: Did she get the gold medal?

Ss: Yes,she did.

T: When did she get the gold medal?

Ss: She got the gold medal on August 14th.

(Show a picture of Wang Hao and Ma Lin. )

T: Who are they?

Ss: They are Wang Hao and Ma Lin.

T: Were they tennis players in 2008?

Ss: No,they werent.

T: Did Wang Hao get the gold medal?

Ss: No,he didnt.

T: Who beat him and got the gold medal?

Ss: Ma Lin.

T: Well-done. Now lets look at the drills.

(Show the drills on the screen.)

2. Practice the new drill.

Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of given verbs.

Yesterday evening I(look) back on the year of 2008. One of the most exciting moments (be) the Beijing Olympics. When people(pass) on the torch in Paris in April last year,Jin Jing(protect) the torch not to be robbed by others. On August 8th,2008,Li Ning(light) the main torch in the Birds Nest.The opening ceremony(become) the most unforgettable moment! However,on August 18th,Liu Xiang (leave) the Birds Nest. It(make) us disappointed. And there (be) a famous swimming star all over the world,Michael Phelps. Just one day ago,he (get) the eighth gold medal in the Water Cube. We (have) so many interesting and exciting moments to remember. I think the Beijing Olympics is the most successful in history.

情境三:过去的2008年既有让人激动不已又有令人悲伤、感叹的事情,而如何用2008年的大事件来创设情境,进一步使学生理解、运用所学的一般过去时知识结构,从形象的感知达到抽象的理性的顿悟是我反复思考的。为了使课堂的气氛始终保持积极向上,我创设了谈论2008年令国人骄傲的另一大事——神七飞天的情境。通过呈现2003年“神五”、2005年“神六”飞天作为铺垫,过渡到2008年飞天壮举,然后呈现神七图片及表格信息,设计任务,让学生根据提供的信息写一篇关于神七的文章。在提供写作信息时,考虑到此环节具有一定难度,所以在呈现的表格下方附加了前面呈现过的有关“神七”从发射到降落整个过程的小图片,目的是使学生产生知识联想;另外在表格的最后两个内容中设置“意义”和“期望”,以达到提高学生思想认识的目的。此环节的设计,一方面考查学生用一般过去时语言输出的能力,另一方面也增强了学生的民族自豪感。

Task: Write a short passage.

T: There is another most exciting moment in 2008. It makes all the Chinese excited.Now lets look back on the second scene. Six years ago,Yang Liwei went into space by Shenzhou V. It was the first time of our Chinese to go into space.

(Show pictures of Yang Liwei.)

T: In 2005,Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng flew to space by Shenzhou VI. They worked and lived in space for 5 days and nights.

(Show pictures of Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng.)

T: Lastyear,Zhai Zhigang,Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng flew to space by Shenzhou VII. Zhai Zhigang finished walking in space for the first time of our Chinese.

All the Chinese cheered for it and the whole world paid more attention to it.

(Show pictures of Zhai Zhigang,Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng.)

T: Now write a short passage about Shenzhou VII according to the pictures and the chart in groups. Then report your passages.

(Show some pictures and the chart,go around and offer help.)

T: Who can report your passage?

……

(Ask other Ss to present their passages.)

T: Excellent. “A small step by Zhai Zhigang in space is a big step in the history of the Chinese Nation”,we are proud of them and our country. As teenagers,we should study harder to make our country more beautiful and stronger.

强化记忆:在英语学习过程中必须要记忆许多语法知识点,而许多看似错综复杂的语言知识其实是有规律可循的,用歌曲、口诀、顺口溜的方式整理那些需要记忆又比较容易混淆的知识点,往往能起到事半功倍的效果。而口诀朗朗上口,简洁易记,是一个非常有效的记忆手段。我通过自编chant,让学生一起跟读,不仅突出了本堂课的重点,同时也便于学生记忆本堂课的知识。

Chant and sum up

T: Please look at the chant on the screen and read it together.

Chant

动词一般过去时,表示过去发生的事;

be用was或用were,have,has变had;

谓语动词过去式,过去时间做标志;

一般动词加-ed,若是特殊得硬记。

否定句很简单,主语之后didnt添;

疑问句也不难,did放在主语前;

如果谓语之前有did,谓语动词需还原;

动词若是was,were,否定就把not添。

T: Excellent! What have we learnt in this lesson? Who can sum up?

……

T: Today we have learnt the Simple Past Tense and the past form of the verbs and different drills. I hope you can remember and use them clearly.

巧设作业:继续紧扣前面创设的情境,仍以2008年中国发生的重大事件为背景,让学生回顾在他们心目中记忆犹新、铭刻在心的事件,巧用一般过去时,书写一篇小短文,进一步巩固本堂课的学习内容。

Homework

Think about an important thing which happened in 2008 and write a passage about it.