张金亚
一、基本用法说明
疑问词 what, which, who, when, where, how 及连接副词 whether 与不定式连用而形成一个短语,这个短语相当于一个名词,可在句中作主语、宾语或表语等。
1. 作主语。如:
What to do is not decided yet. 该做什么还没有确定。
How to begin is more difficult than where to stop. 如何开始比到哪里停止还困难。
2. 作宾语。如:
Do you know when to start? 你知道什么时候开始吗?
I showed her which button to press. 我告诉她应该按哪一个按钮。
有时还可用于介词后作宾语。如:
I found a book on how to avoid having a heart attack. 我找到一本谈如何避免心脏病复发的书。
She was worried about how to fill her leisure time. 她为如何打发她的闲暇时间而发愁。
3. 作表语。如:
The question is how to carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划。
The difficulty was how to cross the river. 困难在于如何过河。
二、 五个应用难点
难点一:是否用于疑问词 why 之后
按英语习惯,有一个疑问词不能用于“疑问词+不定式”结构,就是 why。如:
我不明白为什么马上就走。
误:I don't know why to leave at once.
正:I don't know why we must leave at once.
不过,why 后面可以跟不带 to 的动词不定式(即动词原形),用以表示某动作是不必要的或无意义的。如:
Why pay more at other shops? We have the best value. 为什么花更多的钱到其他商店去买呢? 我们这里最物美价廉。
另外,why 后面不带 to 的动词不定式有时也可能是否定的,该结构主要用来提出建议。如:
You're looking tired. Why not take a holiday? 你一脸倦容,怎么不休假呢?
难点二:与动词 think 连用有何特别之处
“疑问词+不定式”结构,通常不用于动词 think 的现在式和过去式之后,但可以用于 think 的其他形式之后(如进行式)。如:
I'm thinking what to do next. 我在想接下来要做什么。
另外,“疑问词+不定式”结构也通常用于还有助动词的 think 之后。如:
She couldn't think what to say. 她想不出该说什么。
She couldn't think what to give the children for Christmas. 她想不出圣诞节该送孩子们什么礼物。
难点三:与动词 know 连用要注意什么
当要表示知道如何做某事,know 之后不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语,此时可改用 know how to 结构。如:
我会做西班牙式的摊鸡蛋。
误:I know to make Spanish omelettes.
正:I know how to make Spanish omelettes.
难点四:与某些只接动名词作宾语的动词连用
有些动词可以接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语,但通常不直接跟不定式作宾语。这类动词主要有 consider (考虑), discover (发现), discuss (讨论), explain (说明), find (out)(查到), know (知道), observe (观察), suggest (提议), wonder (怀疑), understand (了解)等。如:
Have you considered how to get there? 你是否考虑过如何到那儿去?
Our teacher explained how to use the machine. 老师向我们说明如何使用这台机器。
We discussed what to do and where we should go. 我们讨论了该怎么办及到哪里去。
你能说明一下蛋糕的做法吗?
误:Can you explain to make a cake?
正:Can you explain how to make a cake?
难点五:which to do 的两种用法
要注意“which+不定式”结构,其中的 which 有时是疑问词。如:
I can't decide which to choose. 我不能决定选哪个好。
Did you ask her which to buy? 你问没问她该买哪一个?
有时可能是关系代词,相当于一个省略的定语从句,此时主要用于介词后作宾语。如:
She must have time in which to grow calm. 她必须有冷静下来的时间。
Allow me one minute in which to change my costumes. 给我一点时间来卸装。
这两句中的 which to...也可改为定语从句:
She must have time in which she can grow calm.
Allow me one minute in which I can change my costumes.
(编辑 周贞雄)