高考热点追踪——分词用法浅谈

吴　铭

在英语学习中，分词是一个相当重要的语法内容。作为非谓语动词，它也是高考年年必考的"重头戏"。但是从学生的答题情况来看，结果却不容乐观。针对这种情况，本人在这里略做浅谈，希望能对同学们的学习有所帮助。

首先，分清现在分词与过去分词的区别是决定用何种词形的重要依据。下面我们且先来看看这两种分词形式的区别：

现在分词:

1）现在分词和与其相关的名词或代词构成一种"主谓关系"，即"主动态"。与现在分词相关的名词或代词要依分词在句中担当成分的不同而不同。如：分词若在句中充当表语或是状语，那么句子的主语就是分词的"相关词"。分词若在句中充当定语，那么被它所修饰的词就是"相关词"；分词若作宾语补足语，那么宾语就是"相关词"。

过去分词:

过去分词和与其相关的名词或代词构成一种"动宾关系"，即"被动态"。这里所说的"与过去分词的相关词"的所指与"现在分词中讲的所指"一样。

2）现在分词表示"主动和进行"，过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补语。

一、分词作表语

（1） 现在分词作表语，相关词（即句子的主语）与分词是主动关系/主谓关系；过去分词作表语，相关词（即句子的主语）与分词是被动关系。例如，

This book is well written . (被动)

The little girl looks so charming .（主动）

爱心提示：及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，既表示被动，又表示完成。不及物动词的过去分词作表语只表示动作的完成。例如：

The window is broken . 窗户破了。

The stick is burnt. 木棒燃烧过了

（2）现在分词和过去分词起形容词或副词作用。现在分词作表语主要是表示主语本身的性质、特征；含义为 “令人……”的含义；而过去分词作表语则多表示主语所处的状态，常译为“感到……”

The situation is encouraging .（令人鼓舞的）

The soccer fans were delighted.（感到高兴的）

其他例子有：

amazing , amazed ; annoying , annoyed ; boring , bored ; confusing , confused ; surprising surprised ; terrifying , terrified ; disappointing , disappointed ; frightening , frightened 等。

典型例题

---I'm very _______with my own cooking .It looks nice and smells delicious.(2002北京春招)

---Mm , it does have _______ smell .

A. pleasant ;pleased B pleased ;pleased

C. pleasant ;pleasant D .pleased ;pleasant

思路分析:答案选D。当过去分词作表语时,常常修饰人,含义为“感到……”表示某人处于某一种精神状态。故最佳答案为D项.

二、 分词作定语

单个分词作定语，分词一般写在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，分词放在被修饰词之后。现在分词作定语，主要说明"正在进行的动作"或是"主动" 。过去分词作定语，主要说明"业已完成的动作"或是"被动" 。

We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.

China belongs to developing countries .

The girl standing by her mother looked very timid.

The concert given by their friends was a success。

典型例题

1. Prices of daily goods _______through a computer can be lower than store prices.(2002北京春)

A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

思路分析:答案选B。此题考查过去分词短语作后置定语的用法.我们可以把bought through还原成一个定语从句:Prices of daily goods that /which are bought through a computer……

2. The Olympic Games, _______in 776 BC , did not include women players until 1912.( 1992 NMET)

A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing

思路分析:答案选C 。根据句中的逗号和句意可知，_______in 776 BC 在句中作后置定语，修饰前面的The Olympic Games 。the Olympic Games与play之间是被动关系,故排除A、D项。B项是不定式的被动式,表示"未来",也可排除，因此,C项是对的.它相当于一个非限制性定语从句which were first played.

3. The trees ___ in the storm have been moved off the road.（2008年湖南）

A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D to blow down

思路分析:答案选B。本题考查过去分词短语作后置定语的用法.我们可以把blown down还原成一个定语从句:The trees that /which were blown down in the storm have been moved off the road .

(3)分词作状语

分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于相关词（即句子主语）与分词的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

Walking in the street , I saw my good friend .

Not knowing her phone number, I wrote her a letter .

Surrounded by his students , the professor sat there cheerfully .

典型例题

1. _________ more time , he will make a first-class tennis player .（2003北京）

A Having given B To give C Giving D Given

思路分析：答案选D 。本句话的意思为：如果多给他些时间，他会成为一流球员。分词在句中作条件状语，句子主语he与give 之间是被动关系，即动宾关系，故用given 。

2. Alice returned from the managers office , ________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once .（2004 NMET）

A having told B tells C to tell D telling

思路分析：答案选D。由句中的逗号及句意可知，分词在句中作伴随状语，句子主语Alice与tell之间是主谓（主动）关系，故用现在分词。

3._______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.(2008安徽卷)

A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked

思路分析：答案选B。由句意可知，分词在句中作时间状语，句子主语he与walk之间是主谓（主动）关系，故用现在分词。

(4)分词作补语

分词作宾语补足语时，如果其相关词（即宾语）与分词构成"主谓关系"，用现在分词；如果构成"动宾关系"，则用过去分词。常用分词作宾语补足语的动词有：find , feel , get , have , hear , keep , notice , see , watch等。

I saw my sister climbing the wall.

He has his bike repaired .

典型例题：

1. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself_______.(1991 NMET)

A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard

思路分析: 答案选D 。 make oneself done是惯用法.此时done作oneself的宾语补足语,宾语himself 与hear之间是被动关系，即动宾关系，故用过去分词。本题的意思是"使自己的声音被听到",故答案为D.

2. Jenny hopes that Mr Smith will suggest a good way to have her handwriting _________ in a short period .

A improved B improving C to improve D improve

思路分析: 答案选A 。have something done 是惯用法。在本题中宾语her handwriting与improve 之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。

3. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _____ as much as we can.（2008江苏）

A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak

思路分析: 答案选C 。宾语English与speak之间是被动关系，即动宾关系，故用过去分词。本题的意思是"为了学好英语，我们应该尽可能多的寻找机会听人们说英语"。