沈 浩
Unit 7
⒈stop to do, stop doing
[辨析]stop to do sth.表示“停下(正在做的事情)去做某事”,to do sth.在句中是目的状语。如: He stopped to talk to me.他停下手头的活和我谈起来。He stopped to answer the telephone.他停下来去接电话。
stop doing sth.表示“停止正在做的事”动名词作宾语。如:
When the teacher came into the classroom, the students stopped talking and laughing.当老师来到教室时,学生们不说不笑了。
⒉person, people, the people
[辨析]person“人”,包括男人、女人、小孩。是最普通的说法,有复数形式。如:a person一个人,two persons两个人。
This is a dance for four persons. 这是一个四人舞。
people泛指“人们”,作主语时谓语用复数,可用 two, some, many等修饰。另外a people表示一个民族,peoples表示多个民族。如:
There are many people in the park on Sundays.
星期天公园里有许多人。
the people意为“人民(群众)”。如:
He lives for the people and dies for the people.
他为人民而生,为人民而死。
⒊great, big
[辨析]great常用来修饰抽象名词,含有一定的感情色彩,表示“巨大、伟大、突出、很大、很多”的意思。如:He is the man of great learning.他是个大有学问的人。China is a great country.中国是个伟大的国家。
big 指具体事物的大,是普通用词,多表示面积、范围、程度、体积等的大,与small相对。如:
The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。
Can you lift up this big stone? 你能举起这块大石头吗?
4.how many, how much
how many后接名词复数,对数量的“多少”提问,如:
How many tomatoes do you want? 你想要多少西红柿?
how much后接不可数名词,对数量的“大小”或“金额”的多少提问。如:
How much water is there in the glass? 杯里有多少水?
How much are the things?这些东西多少钱?
5.each和every
(1)each是从个体着眼,every从整体着眼。each可用于两者或两者以上,every只用于三者或三者以上。如:
We each have a new book. 我们每个人各有一本新书。
There are trees on each side of the street. 街的两旁有树。
He gets up early every morning. 每天早晨他都起得早。
Every boy in our class likes playing soccer.
我们班上的男孩都喜欢足球。
My uncle gave a present to each one of us.
叔叔给了我们每个人一份礼物。
(2)each可以用作形容词、副词和代词,every只能用作形容词。如:
Each has his own task. 每个人都有自己该做的工作。
Each of the children has his own bike.
孩子们每人都有自己的自行车。
They each want to do something different.
他们每个人都想做不同的事情。
He gave the children one book each. 他给每个孩子一本书。
注意:every可以和not连用表示否定,each则不能这样用。如:
Not every man can do it. 并不是每个人都能做这件工作。
6.look, see, watch
look意味着集中注意力地看,是有意的,强调动作。它是不及物动词,如果跟宾语,要和at连用。如:
Please look at the picture. 请看这相片。
see强调结果,意为“看见,看到”。如:
Can you see a bird in the tree? 你能看见树上的一只鸟吗?
watch表示所看事物的变化、移动和发展。如:
We watched them swim. 我们观看他们游泳。
look at和watch的区别在于look at注意的是它后面的宾语,watch注意的是它后面宾语的举动。如:
I am looking at the boy. 我在注视着这孩子。
I am watching the boy. 我在注视着这孩子的举动。
Unit 8
⒈also, too
[辨析]⑴too “也”,一般用于肯定句/疑问句,too放在句末,前有逗号。如:I like English and she likes English, too. 我喜欢英语,她也喜欢英语。
You can dance, I can dance, too. 你会跳舞,我也会。
also“也”,一般用于肯定句/疑问句/否定句中, also位于句中,放在be动词/助动词/情态动词之后,行为动词之前,如果是否定句,要放在否定词之前。如: I like English and she also likes English. 我喜欢英语,她也喜欢英语。Will she also come? =Will she come, too?她也来吗?
⒉like, would like
[辨析]like意为“喜欢”,常用结构:
①like+sb.(sth.)喜欢某人或某事(名词或代词)。
②like doing sth.喜欢做某事(习惯性)。
③like to do sth.喜欢做某事(偶然性、或某次具体行为)。如:
She likes taking a walk after supper. 她喜欢晚饭后散步。
She likes to stay at home today. 今天她喜欢呆在家里。
would like用于礼貌性地提出要求或表示愿意提供帮助,其后接名词/代词/动词不定式,但不能接动名词。作“想要、愿意”,可缩写为d like,相当于want, would没有人称和数的变化。would like构成句型:
①would like+名词/代词,表示“某人想要某物”。如:
Id like some hot tea. 我想要点热水。
②would like to do sth.表示“想要做某事”,为委婉客气的说法。如:
Wed like to go to the movies this evening. 今晚我们想去看电影。
He would like me to help him with his English.
他想让我帮助他学英语。
⒊and, or
[辨析]and
①and意为“和、与”,可连接两个或两个以上的名词/代词等,所连接的词作主语,谓语用复数。如:
John and Jim are good friends.约翰和吉姆是好朋友。
②and在肯定句中,连接并列成分,意思是“既……又”。如:
I like singing and dancing我既喜欢唱歌,也喜欢跳舞。
③and用于连接两个并列句,表示“和、而”。如:
I came by train and she came by plane.
我乘火车来的,而她乘飞机来的。
④在否定句中要用and须重复前面的否定词。如:
He has no brothers and no sisters. 他没有兄弟和姊妹。
[辨析]or
①or“或者、还是”,在连接两个或两个以上的人或物作主语,谓语动词由最靠近它的那个名词/代词来决定。如:
Mr. Wang or Miss Gao is going to give us a lesson.
王先生或高小姐要给我们上课。
②在否定句中,并列成分用or连接,意为“既不……也不”。如:
She doesnt like singing or dancing. 她既不喜欢唱歌,也不喜欢跳舞。
③or也可以连接两个并列句,表示“要不然、否则”,前一分句为祈使句。如:
Hurry up, or you will be late. 快点,否则你将迟到。
另外,在否定句中,without之后列举的成分用and连接,构成完全否定,而在肯定句中without之后列举的成分要用or连接才能构成完全否定。如:
Men cant live without air and water. That is to say, men will die without air or water. 没有空气和水人就不能活,也就是说没有空气和水人就会死。
4.when, what time
[辨析]when“什么时候、何时”,用于对日期(某年、某月、某日)提问。如:
When are you going to leave Shanghai? 你们打算何时离开上海?
When were you born? 你何时出生的?
当问某年某月某日的上午、下午、晚上等某个具体时刻钟点时,相当于what time。当泛指做某事的时间时when/what time一般可互换。如:
What time/When do you usually go to school? 你通常什么时间上学?
What time/When do you go to bed?你什么时候睡觉?
when还表示“当……的时候”,而What time无此意思。如:
I was reading a book when my mother came home.
妈妈到家时我在读书。
what time 用来对某个具体时间或问某事情具体发生时间提问,希望知道的时间比when更具体。如:
——What time do you get up in the morning? 你早上几点起床?
——About six. 大约6点。
What time does the shop open?商店几点开门?
[跟踪训练]⑴____ is it now?
⑵____ are you going there?
⑶____ is Lily's birthday?
Keys:⑴What time⑵What time/When⑶When