镇馆之宝——北朝石造像

2008-12-01 11:22
走向世界 2008年21期
关键词:陈列菩萨青岛市

王 莉

青岛市博物馆的陈列展厅中,陈列着四尊雕琢精美的北朝石造像及一座石碑。这批石佛造像造型优美,雕刻技法娴熟,衣纹细致柔和,神态栩栩如生。它们不仅充分展现了中国古代劳动人民高超的聪明智慧和创造才能,同时对研究中国古代宗教和文化艺术史方面也都具有重要的参考价值。

石造像分别建造于北魏和北齐北周时期,距今已有1400多年的历史。

陈列于西区大厅内的两尊较大的石造像,造型基本相同,体态呈迎风挺立式,衣角翻飞,飘然欲动。两尊石造像各重30吨,高一丈八尺(5.4米),故俗称“丈八佛”。佛像身躯前倾,头作高髻,双目细长,鼻高目深,眉宇间有白毫相(即小白圆点),双耳大且下垂过于常人,脖颈细长,面形瘦削适中,目光下视,面含笑容,给人一种和蔼慈祥的感觉。佛像右手前伸,左手下垂,手心向外,作“施无畏与原印”。内着僧祗支(佛教服装的一种名称),胸前束僧祗支带作结下垂,外着褒衣博带式大衣,下部着密褶裙,衣纹作“V”形的断面。赤足立于复瓣莲花石座上。莲花座下为四方形须弥座,底座中间雕刻有一裸身力士,袒胸鼓腹,头顶莲花盆,两侧又各刻一罗汉守护,并有手持琵琶的伎乐侍从浮雕,可谓既生动又逼真。这两尊石佛造像虽无铭文纪年,但从造型、服饰、莲花座以及雕刻技法等方面来考证,两尊“丈八佛”的形象清瘦简朴,褒衣博带式的大衣,较密的直平阶梯式衣裙,叠纹,较瘦长的复瓣莲花,从它们身上,可以明显地看到北魏孝文帝汉化政策施行后,反映到佛教雕塑艺术上的风格,其建造年代应在北魏的景明、正始之后的北齐北周之前(即公元500—550年),属南北朝石窟造像第二时期的形象。

陈列于西区北侧展厅中的两尊较小的菩萨石造像,造型服饰也基本相同但姿态稍异,各高3米,颈带项圈,两肩披巾下垂至肘部内侧再向外飘。腹前有僧祗支带,带的正中做蝴蝶结下垂,下着长裙,裙带宽大。两尊都是一手前伸而微微扬起,一手轻松下垂,持一桃形环状物,只是手的姿势呈对称状,均双足赤立在单瓣莲花座上,造像头部是用水泥后配的。从形象上看,左侧是“观世音”,右侧是“大势至”,都是阿弥陀佛的挟持菩萨。两尊菩萨石造像的刻工较浅,衣褶稀疏,单瓣莲花较为肥大。从这些艺术造型特征来看,其建造年代应是北齐北周时期(即公元550年以后),属南北朝石窟造像第三期形象。

展厅中还陈列有一块半圆形螭纹造像碑首,残高160厘米,宽210 厘米,厚40厘米,顶部雕有四条蟠螭,造型极为生动。碑额阳刻两行篆书“双丈八碑,苏公之颂” ,每字各长宽12厘米。背面凿有一尖供龛,龛内雕有一佛二菩萨像,像背有尖眉形佛光,周围满饰火焰纹,龛左边有阴刻楷书“像主苏万基妻张供养”。由此可知,造像人“苏公”,就是苏万基。由于碑文部分早已失存,苏万基已无从查考,只能推测是苏万基为其妻张氏避祸求福,而雕造这两尊“丈八佛”石造像了。

这些珍贵的石造像原安放于山东临淄龙泉寺内,据《临淄县志》中华民国九年版记载:“龙泉寺在龙池村西北淄水岸上,尚有石佛四,各高丈八尺”。“六朝石佛,在龙池村龙泉寺故址,佛高丈余,有荷兰人见之,谓形容与印度古石佛同,真六朝物也,欲购之,不可得乃止。”龙泉寺旧址现早已成为废墟,有文章介绍,据见过当时情况的老人讲,原来龙泉寺的规模约有四、五十亩地之大,石佛原放在大殿内,两尊大佛居中座,坐北面南并立,两尊菩萨在大佛前面,东西面向而立,像头已掉下,一个原在石像下,一个曾被作地界用,石碑埋在地

下。日本帝国主义势力侵入山东后,曾两次准备将这批珍贵文物劫走。1928年7月24日上海《申报》报道,“临淄县龙池地方,有石佛两个(应是四个),成化碑一座,碎碑一方,在数年前,曾有中国败类,拟将佛碑等以三万元之价售予日本人,为地方人士闻之,出面干涉,故未成交,此次日本占据济南及胶济路沿线以迄青岛,龙池适在日本人所谓二十里以内,某日人垂涎龙池之古佛碑等已久,乃于本月十五日,率人将佛碑一并劫取,运至淄河店车站,预备运往日本……”,当时适逢“济南五三惨案”,中国人民反日斗争风起云涌,日本侵略者迫于形势,未敢将这批珍贵文物劫走,只是将两尊小佛像的头盗走了。

1930年,青岛四方机车车辆厂厂长栾宝德获悉,遂派人用专车把这批石造像和石碑从淄河店车站运来青岛,安放在当时厂外的四方公园内,并配上两个水泥制的菩萨头像,供人参观。后来工厂不断扩大,把四方公园圈入厂内,所以这批石造像一直在四方机车车辆厂内。解放后,党和政府十分重视历史文物的保护工作,1977年山东省人民政府将这批石造像列为省级重点文物保护单位。1979年7月,青岛市人民政府决定,将这批北朝石造像迁移至青岛市博物馆(市南区大学路7号)庭院内,公开展出。1998年7月,青岛市博物馆新馆(青岛市崂山区梅岭东路51号)落成,为使这批珍贵文物免遭雨蚀风化,决定将这批珍贵的石造像迁到新馆陈列大厅内,进行室内展出,供国内外广大社会观众观赏,并视为“镇馆之宝”。

In the exhibition hall of Qingdao Museum, there is a display of four exquisite stone Buddhist statutes of the Northern Dynasties (386-581 AD) and a stone tablet. With their graceful shapes, skillful carving techniques, and delicate patterns, these statutes look alive. While fully showcasing the super wisdom and creation capacities of the ancient Chinese people, these stone statues have important reference value for studies of ancient Chinese religion and cultural art history. The stone statues were carved during the periods of Northern Wei (386-534), Northern Qi (550-577) and Northern Zhou (557-581) more than 1,400 years ago. The two large statues of similar shape, weighing 30 tons and 5.4 meters tall, present a windward pose and are called "Zhangba Buddhist." The two small stone Bodhisattva statutes, each of which is 3 meters high, have similar garment patterns but a rather different pose. The carving traces are shallow and the single lotus petals look very fat.

On the top of the semicircular table are four pieces of panchi with lively shapes. On the front are carved two lines of seal characters. On the back is carved one tributary niche, in which there are one Buddha and two Bodhisattva statutes.

Previously these treasured stone statues were placed at Longquan Temple, Zibo City, Shandong Province. In 1928, the Japanese invaders moved them to Zihedian Railway station and prepared to transfer them to Japan. Later, facing the pressure from the Chinese people, the Japanese did not transfer the statues save for the heads of the two little Buddha statutes. In 1930, Qingdao Sifang Locomotive Factory transported these stone statues and tablet to Qingdao and placed them in Sifang Park for people to visit, having made two replacement cement heads for the two little Buddha statues. In 1977, Shandong Provincial People's Government listed these stone statues as key cultural relics under major provincial protection. In July 1979, the stone statues were moved to Qingdao Museum located at Daxue Road for public exhibition. In July 1998, the new Qingdao Museum located Meiling East Road was constructed, so the stone statues were placed in the new exhibition hall for people to visit and are honored as the soul of the museum.

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