谈句式变换在英语解题中的运用

陈　霞

中学英语基础知识点多面宽，学生们总是感到难以准确地理解和掌握，因此老师一讲学生就懂而学生自己一动笔就错的现象时有发生。怎样才能活用所学的基础知识是一个急待解决的问题。在此，笔者结合教学实践，谈谈如何利用句式变换来获得事半功倍的学习效果。

英语句子从结构上可分为简单句、并列句、复合句三种；简单句的五种基本句型是句式变换的核心。解题时可首先根据特定的语境，把握句式的特点并确定出最佳答案，然后再结合语境变换句式，以期能举一反三，解决这一类问题。

例1. This is the most beautiful gift Ive ever received, ___________ I will value for all my life.

A. itB. that C. one D. what

分析：该题中后半部分是对前面the most beautiful gift的补充说明。英语中后者对前者的补充说明可以用三种句式：

（1）非限制性定语从句： This is the most beautiful gift Ive ever received, which I will value for all my life.

（2） 并列句： This is the most beautiful gift Ive ever received and I will value it for all my life.

（3）同位语：如上题答案为C，one用作同位语，指“一份我将永远珍视的礼物。”

如果用what则可以表达如下： The most beautiful gift Ive ever received is what I will value for all my life. （what引导表语从句）

例2. ______________ is known to us all is that every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve ones condition.

A. As B. That C. What D. It

分析：该题意为“众所周知，每一个障碍都是一次提高自我的机会。”学生们很容易习惯性地选择D项，而此题的正确答案为C。what在此引导一个主语从句，that在句中引导一个表语从句，整个句子是“主语 + 系表”结构。该句还可有三种句式表达：

（1） 形式主语句型： It is known to us all that every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve ones condition.

（2） 非限制性定语从句： As is known to us all, every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve ones condition.

（3） that引导的主语从句： That every obstacle presents an opportunity to improve ones condition is known to us all.

例3. ___________-- straight on and you will see a church. You wont miss it.

A. Go B. Going

C. If you go D. When going

分析：该题的关键在于句式的识别。句中用了并列连词and，从结构上看应该是一个并列句，前面部分是祈使句（动词原形开头），所以正确答案为A。该句还可有两种句式表达：

（1）简单句（-ing分词作状语）： Going （When going） straight on, you will see a church. You wont miss it.

(2) 复合句： If you go straight on, you will see a church. You wont miss it.

例4. Students shouldnt be given so difficult a problem___________________-they can not work out.

A. that B. which

C. while D. as

分析： 该题容易受到“so difficult a problem”的影响而误选that，因为“so + adj. + that ...”为常见句型，表示“如此……以致于……”之意。但该句中they can not work out中缺少了宾语，而空格处的连词既要连接从句，又要在从句中作work out的宾语，同时又常与so连用，故正确答案为D，即as引导一个限制性定语从句。如果用“so + adj. + that ...”句型，该句应为：

Students shouldnt be given so difficult a problem that they can not work it out.

例5. It was twelve oclock at midnight______________they arrived at a lonely village.

A. that B. before

C. since D. when

分析： 以“It is / was” 开头的句子通常可以先判断是否为强调结构，方法是先去掉“It is / was”和空格处的连词，然后再分析句子剩下部分的结构意义是否完整，如果完整，就是强调结构，否则，则不是。该句中去掉“It is / was”和空格后，twelve oclock at midnight they arrived at a lonely village在结构上不完整，若需要句子完整则需要在twelve oclock at midnight之前加上介词at，所以该句不是强调结构。该题答案为D， when在此处引导一个时间状语从句。本句若用强调句表达应为：

It was at twelve oclock at midnight that they arrived at a lonely village.

句式变换不仅可用于不同句型之间的同义转换表达，也可以用于同一句型的不同变化。

例6. “You cant have this football back _____________ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly.

A. because B. since

C. when D. until

分析：该题意为“直到你承诺不再用球踢我的猫，你才可以拿回这个足球。”，其中“直到……才……”常用“not ... until ...”结构表达，故答案为D。该句型还可以用下面两种句型表达：

（1） 倒装句： Not until you promise not to kick it at my cat again can you have this football back.

（2）强调句： It is not until you promise not to kick it at my cat again that you can have this football back.

以上几例旨在抛砖引玉，在英语学习中同学们既要熟练地掌握基本句式，同时也要明析语境，学会变通，才能最终提高学习效率。