沈金燕 刘世一
Unit 7
1. Id like to trek through the jungle, because I like exciting vacations. (P52) 我想徒步到森林里去旅行,因为我喜欢令人激动的假期。
would like意为“想要”、“愿意”,相当于want。 常出现在以下场合:
(1) “Would you like sth ...?”用来委婉地征求对方的意见。其肯定回答常为“Yes, please. /All right. /OK.”等;否定回答为“No, thanks”。 例如:
—Would you like some more food? 你想再吃一些吗?
—No, thanks. 不要了,谢谢!
(2) “Would you like to do sth?”用来有礼貌地向对方提出建议或邀请,其肯定回答常为“Yes, Id like/love to.”; 否定回答为“Id like/love to, but ...”。 例如:
—Would you like to play football with us? 你想跟我们一起去踢足球吗?
—Yes, Id like to. 我想去。
(3) would like sb to do sth意为“想叫某人做某事”。例如:
I would like her to meet you. 我想叫她去接你。
2. I love places where the people are really friendly. (P53) 我喜欢人们友好相处的地方。
句中的where为关系副词,引导的是定语从句,修饰places, 并在从句中作地点状语,相当于in which。 例如:
The building where we used to live has been put down. (= The building in which we used to live has been put down.) (= The building (which) we used to live in has been put down.) 我们以前住的那幢楼已经拆掉了。
3. For your next vacation, why not consider visiting Singapore? (P54) 对你的下一个假期为什么不考虑一下去新加坡游玩呢?
(1) “Why not do ...”是“Why dont you do/why do you not do ...”的省略形式,常用来表示建议、邀请。例如:
Why not meet at the school gate at eight? 何不八点钟在校门口集合呢?
Why dont we stay here another day? 我们为什么不在这儿再呆一天呢?
Why not stay with us for some more days? 为什么不和我们一起多呆几天呢?
与“Why not do ...?”意思相同的有“Would you like to do ...? /Shall we do ...? /Lets ... do .... /What/How about doing ...?”等。例如:
Would you like to go for a picnic with us this Sunday? 本周日和我们一起去野炊,好吗?
Shall we have a picnic tomorrow? 我们明天去野炊,好吗?
Lets go picnicking. OK? 我们去野炊,好吗?
How/What about going to the cinema? 去看电影,怎么样?
(2) consider意为“考虑、细想”,它常常出现“consider + sb or oneself + 宾语补足语/consider sth + 宾语补足语/consider sb or oneself to be + 宾语补足语/consider + V-ing或从句”等结构中。例如:
I consider him a clever boy. 我认为他是一个聪明的小伙子。
I consider myself lucky enough. 我认为自己是够幸运的了。
I consider it OK. 我认为这就够了。
I consider him to be a clever boy. 我认为他是一个聪明的小伙子。
I first considered writing to him, but then decided to see him by myself. 我开始想写信给他,但后来决定亲自去见她。
We considered what we could do next. 我们考虑下一步该做什么。
4. The traffic is heavy in some parts of the city. (P54) 这个城市的一些地方交通很拥挤。
traffic常指“往来于街道的车辆、交通”,也可以指“(公路、铁路、海上或空中人员或货物的)流量”,是一个不可数名词。它在句中作主语时,谓语动词为第三人称单数形式。例如:
Theres a lot of traffic at the time of day. 在一天的这段时间里往来的车辆很多。
在汉语里,我们常说“交通拥挤”,而在英语里却不能说“crowded traffic”或“The traffic is very crowded.”。 traffic不能和crowded搭配,却能和heavy(拥挤), light(不拥挤), little, a lot of, busy, much等词语搭配使用。表示“交通拥挤”,可以用“heavy traffic”或“The traffic is heavy.”。 再如:
There is light/little traffic in downtown today. 今天市中心车辆不拥挤。
5. Isnt it supposed to be very hot? (P54) 难道天气不应该是很热的吗?
(1) 这是一个否定形式的一般疑问句,用来表示说话人提出自己的建议或看法,并希望得到对方肯定的答复。有时它也可以表示惊讶、不相信、挖苦、批评等意义。例如:
Isnt he a League member? 难道他不是团员吗?
Havent you known him yet? I saw you having dinner with him just now. 你难道还不认识他吗?刚才我还见你和他一起吃饭呢。
(2) be supposed to的意思与should近似,用来表示根据规定或按照法律不得不做的事或将要发生的事。 be not supposed to常用来表示禁止做某事。例如:
Youre supposed to start work at 8:30 every morning. 你应该每天早晨八点半开始工作。
In America people under eighteen arent supposed to buy alcoholic drinks. 在美国,不允许十八岁以下的人买含酒精的饮料。
6. My family and I want to take a trip this summer somewhere in the east of China. (P56) 今年夏天,家人和我都想到中国东部的什么地方去旅游。
(1) 介词in, on, to, at与表示方向的名词连用,用来表示不同的意思。 in表示某个特定区域内的某个方向; on表示某个特定区域界外毗邻的某个方向; to表示“不在……内”; at也可与表示方向的名词连用,既可表示界内,也可表示界外,但侧重于表示某个位置“点”。试比较:
Hebei Province is in the north of China. 河北省在中国的北部。
Japan is to the east of Korea. 日本在朝鲜东边。
Hunan Province is on the south of Hubei Province. 湖南省在湖北省的南面。
Ceylon is an island at the south of India. 锡兰是印度南面的一个岛。
7. The room needs to be big enough for three people. (P56) 房间要能容得下三个人。
句中的to be big enough for ... 意为“大得足够……可用于……”。其中的big可以根据意思上的需要,换用另外的形容词。例如:
Its light enough for reading. 天亮得可以看书了。
这一句式可拓展为“be + adj. + enough to do sth”和“be + adj. + enough for sb to do sth”。 例如:
The water of the river is deep enough to swim. 这条河的水深得足可以游泳。
The book is easy enough for a six-year-old boy to read. 这本书很容易,六岁的孩子都可以读得懂。
8. Here are some of the findings of a survey about hopes and dreams, in which thousands of students across China took part. (P58) 这里是有关希望和梦想的一些调查结果,数以千计的中国学生参加了这一调查。
这是个主从复合句, in which thousands of students across China took part是非限定性定语从句修饰a survey。 take part in为一个短语动词,意为“参加”。
非限定性定语从句是定语从句的一种,从句与先行词之间通常有逗号隔开,从句与主句的关系比较松散。翻译这种定语从句时,不一定要将其放在先行词前面。例如:
I have two brothers, who are working in the same company. 我有两个兄弟,他们在同一公司工作。
9. It seems some students would like to start work as soon as possible, so that they can help provide better lives for their parents. (P58) 似乎有些学生想尽早参加工作,以便他们能够为父母提供更好的生活。
(1) 本句是“it seems that ...”句式, it为形式主语, seem后接that引导的主语从句,连词that通常可省略。例如:
It seemed that he had missed the last train. 他好像没赶上末班车。
It seems that he had caught a cold. 他好像感冒了。
(2) as soon as possible中的as possible可以替换为as sb can, soon也可根据意思上的需要换成其他的形容词或副词。例如:
Maria is studying Chinese as hard as possible. (= Maria is studying Chinese as hard as she can.) 玛丽亚正在尽量努力地学习汉语。
(3) 句中的so that是个连词,意为“为了、以便”,引导目的状语从句。 so that还可以引导结果状语从句。试比较:
Speak clearly so that they can understand you. 讲清楚些,让他们能听懂。 (so that引导目的状语从句)
She was ill, so that she was unable to go with you. 她病了,不能和你一起去了。 (so that引导结果状语从句)
10. It was clear from the survey that teenagers have similar hopes. (P59) 调查显示,青少年怀有类似的希望。
本句为“it be + adj. + that从句/wh-从句”句式, it为形式主语, “that从句或wh-从句”为真正的主语,位于句末。再如:
It is certain that the earth is round. 毫无疑问,地球是圆的。
It is doubtful whether the old man will recover from the operation. 那位老人手术后是否会康复难以确定。
Unit 8
1. No, we cant put off making a plan. (P61) 不,制订计划的事,我们不能再推迟了。
“Dont put it off,” says Huiping. (P62) 慧萍说:“这事,不要再推迟了。”
He looks sad. Lets cheer him up. (P61) 他看上去很伤心。我们去帮他振作起来吧。
(1) 上面句中的put off与cheer up都是由“动词 + 副词”构成的短语动词。注意,当其所接宾语是代词时,必须将该代词置于副词之前。若所接宾语是名词,则可将该名词置于副词之前或副词之后。试比较:
They put off the soccer game because of the rain. 因为下雨,他们把足球赛推迟了。
The good news of our ping-pong team winning the game cheered them up. 我们乒乓球队获胜的喜讯使他们欢呼雀跃。
Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today. 今日事今日毕。
(2) put off表示“推迟、拖延”时,后接V-ing形式作宾语。例如:
You should not put off going to the doctor. 你不应该拖延去看病了。
They have put off leaving for Hainan. 去海南的事他们已经推迟了。
2. This volunteer work takes each of them several hours a week. (P62) 这份义工每周花了他们每个人好几个小时的时间。
句中的take表示“花费”意思,常用于“it takes ... to do sth.”句式,其中的it作形式主语,真正的主语是句末的动词不定式。例如:
Itll take only ten minutes to walk there. 只要十分钟,就可以走到那儿。
It took me two yuan to buy the magazine. 我花两元钱买了这本杂志。
但是take的主语也可以是某种活动,后面接宾语或双宾语,本句就属于这一类。再如:
The work will take three weeks. 这项工作要花费三周的时间。
The journey took me two days. 旅途上花去了我两天的时间。
3. Not only do I feel good about helping other people, but I get to spend time doing what I love to do. (P62) 我不仅对帮助别人感到很满足,而且我还渐渐地花时间做自己喜爱做的事情。
“not only ... but also ...”意为“不仅……还……、不但……而且……”。使用时要注意以下几点:
(1) 连接的两部分必须是相同的句子成分,句子重心在后者。其中的also有时可以省略。例如:
Mary not only sings well but also dances well. 玛丽不仅歌唱得好,而且舞跳得也好。
My mother knows not only English but also French. 我妈妈不仅懂英语,而且还懂法语。
(2) 用“not only ... but also”连接两个主语时,谓语动词的形式须与后一个主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如:
Not only you but also I am planning to go there. 不仅你,而且我也准备去那儿。
Not only the teacher but also the students were invited. 不但那位教师受到邀请,而且学生们也受到了邀请。
(3) not only位于句首以示强调时,其后分句的主语和谓语要用部分倒装语序,即将助动词、情态动词或be动词等放在主语之前。例如:
Mary is not only a doctor but she is also a writer. (= Not only is Mary a doctor but she is also a writer.) 玛丽不但是个大夫,而且还是个作家。
(4) not only ...but also不能用于否定句,在否定句中可以用as well as。 例如:
His mother, as well as his father, does not have a job. 他的父亲与他的母亲一样,都没有工作。
不可说:Not only his mother but also his father does not have a job.
另外,句中get to spend中的get意为“开始感觉到、认识、成为……某事物”,用来说明有一个过程。例如:
Youll get to realize that these things dont matter. 你将会知道这些事无关紧要。
Shes getting to be an old lady now. 她现在可算是一位老太太了。
4. The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. (P64) 他想到的那些办法结果证明是成功的。
(1) that he came up with是定语从句,修饰前面的先行词strategies。 The strategies是主句的主语, worked out是主句谓语动词。
(2) come up with意为“想出”,相当于think up, think out。 例如:
We must come up with/think up/think out a good plan. 我们得想出一个好办法。
Lets put our heads together and see if we can come up with/think up/think out anything. 咱们来集思广益,看是否能想出什么办法。
(3) work out可用作不及物短语动词,意思是“得到圆满解决、情况进行良好”,后面不接宾语,也不能用“人”作主语。例如:
Things will work out if you will just be patient. 如果你还耐心一点的话,事情会得到圆满解决的。
(4) fine是副词,意思是“好、顺利”。例如:
The machine works fine. 这台机器运行良好。
Sam is doing fine in his new business. 萨姆在他的新业务中一切进展顺利。
5. For sure, you have helped make it possible for me to have “Lucky”, who has filled my life with pleasure. (P66) 毫无疑问,你们已经帮我拥有了“幸运”,它使我的生活充满了快乐。
(1) make it possible for me to have “Lucky”是省去to的动词不定式,作help的宾语。 make后接复合宾语, it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是动词不定式的复合结构for me to have “Lucky”, possible是宾语补足语。 who has filled my life with pleasure是非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Lucky(狗的名字)。
(2) find, think, make等动词后面常可接形容词作宾语补足语,构成“动词 + 宾语 + (形容词)宾语补足语”结构。例如:
We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室的整洁。
The students should do more exercise and make themselves strong. 学生应多参加体育锻炼,使自己的身体强健。
当宾语比较长时,通常将it放在宾语的位置上用作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语置于宾语补足语的后面。例如:
Youll find it useful to learn even a little English after you leave school. 毕业后你会发现学一点英语也有用。
Do you think it possible to finish the work this week? 你认为在本周内有可能完成这项工作吗?
(3) 动词不定式复合结构由“for/of + sb + to do ...”构成,在句中可作主语、宾语、状语等。例如:
Its clever of you to leave away then. 你当时离去是明智之举。
They found it very difficult for Danny to get up so early. 他们发现要丹尼起这么早很困难。
The box is too heavy for them to carry. 箱子太重他们抬不动。
Unit 9
1. Theyre used for seeing in the dark. (P69) 它们被用于在黑夜里观看。
be used for意为“被用来做……”,介词for指目的和用途。例如:
Wood can be used for making paper. 木材可以用来造纸。
What is the knife used for? 这把刀子是干什么用的?
常见的含有be used的短语还有:
(1) be used as意为“被用作……”,介词as意为“作为”,其后一般接名词。例如:
This book can be used as a textbook. 这本书可以当作教科书来用。
“Look” can be used as a noun. “look”可作名词用。
(2) be used by表示“被……使用”, by后接动作的执行者。例如:
The computer is often used by our teacher. 电脑常常归我们老师使用。
This kind of machine is used by farmers for getting in crops. 这种机器被农民用来收割庄稼。
2. I think it would be better to have ... (P70) 我认为拥有……会更好些。
句中的would是情态动词,用于委婉地表达自己的意见和看法,没有时态的限制。例如:
He would never do anything to hurt you. 他绝不会做任何伤害你的事。
I would look at the problem a little differently. 我对这个问题的看法略有不同。
I would think the journey will take something like two weeks. 依我看,这次旅行大约需要两个星期的时间。
3. Did you know that tea, the most popular drink in the world (after water), was invented by accident? (P72) 你知道,茶,这种世界上(继水之后)最受欢迎的饮品是偶然发明的吗?
(1) the most popular drink in the world (after water) 是tea的同位语。这种同位语可见于下列句中:
This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。
We teachers should be responsible for it. 我们老师就对此负责。
This is Mr Johnson, director of the health center. 这是约翰先生,医疗中心的主任。
(2) by accident意为“偶然地,碰巧”,相当于by chance。 例如:
X-rays were first discovered by a German scientist, William Konrad Rontgen, in 1895, almost by accident. X射线是1895年由德国科学家威廉•康拉德•伦琴几乎是在无意中首先发现的。
It was only by accident (by chance) that I saw her. 我只是偶尔见过她。
4. According to an ancient Chinese legend, the emperor Shen Nung discovered tea when he was boiling drinking water over an open fire. (P72) 根据古代中国的传说故事,神农氏在一堆篝火上煮饮用水时发现了茶。
according to表示“据(某人)所述、根据(某事物)”,也表示“根据、依照(某事物)”。例如:
According to John there will be a meeting next week. 据约翰说,下周要召开一个会议。
Everything went on well according to our plan. 一切都是按照我们的计划顺利进行的。
5. Some leaves from a nearby bush fell into the water and remained there for some time. (P72) 附近丛林里的一些树叶掉进了水里,并留在那里很长时间。
(1) fall into在这里作“落入、陷入”解,有时它也可以作“开始”解。例如:
He fell into conversation with me. 他开始和我交谈起来。
They fell into talk about the future of the farm. 他们开始谈论农场的未来。
(2) remain 表示“留下”、“保持”,指在他人走后某人仍留在原处或保持原来状态,后面通常不接宾语。例如:
She remains in the house all these days. 她这些天一直呆在那栋房子里不出来。
Three out of four of them remained single. 他们四个人中有三个人还是单身。
remain还有“剩下、残余”之意。例如:
I cant go to the cinema because I have a lot of homework remained undone. 我不能去看电影,因为我还有很多作业没有做。