动词不定式

2008-06-20 09:27唐增凤
中学教学参考·文综版 2008年3期
关键词:句首被动语态介词

唐增凤

动词不定式是由“to+do”构成的,其中to称为不定式符号,其后的动词可带有宾语,状语等。动词不定式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等,不定式的用法不但是一个重要的语法项目,同时也是各类考试题中的考查热点。现将其各类用法归纳讲析如下:

一、动词不定式的各种形式

1、动词不定式的否定形式:由“not+to do”构成。如:Tell him not to shut the window。

2、动词不定式的被动形式:由“to be+done”构成。如:Little Jim should love t0 be taken to the theatre thisevening,

3、动词不定式的进行时形式:由“to be+doing”构成。如:

When I came in,he pretended to be reading,

4、动词不定式的完成形式:由“to have+done”构成。如:

I would love to have gone to the party last night buiI had to work extra hours to finish a report,

二、动词不定式的功用

1、作主语。不定式作主语一般位于句首,谓语用单数。如:

To learn a foreign language is difficult,

为了平衡句子,通常把不定式作主语改为it作形式主语,即:It's+n./adj.+for./of ab.+to do.如:

Is it necessary to complete the design beforeNational Day?

2、作表语。不定式常用在系动词be,seem,appear,get,remain等后作表语。如:

Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the oldcouple,but it remains to be seen whether they willenjoy it,

3、作宾语。

(1)能直接接不定式做宾语的动词有:offer learn pianpromise,agree,prepare,decide,refuse,manage,demand,pretend等。如:

We agree to meet here,but so far she hasntturned up yet,

(21动词+疑问词+不定式。这类动词有:decide,findout,forget,remember,understand,wonder等。如:

Ive worked with children before,so I know what to expect in my new job,

(3)不定式作介词宾语。介词except/but之后接不定式时,如果介词前有动词do,那么不定式不带to。如:

She has no choice except to wait for the news,

The man can do everything but speak French,

(4)有些动词后既可接不定式也可接动名词,但含义不同。如:go on doing sth,继续做同一件事,go on todo sth,接着干另外一件事;stop doing sth,停止干某事,stop to do sth.,停下来去干某事;forget doing sth,忘记干了某事,forget to do sth,忘记要干某事;cant helpdoing sth,禁不住干某事,cant help to do sth,不能帮助干某事……

4、作宾语补足语(主语补足语)。

(1)有些动词可接带to的不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有:Warm,ask,allow,permit,order,tell,advise,expect,invite,encourage,persuade等。如果这些动词用于被动语态,原来的宾语补足语就转化为主语补足语。如:

Mrs Smith warned laer daughter never to drive afterdrinking,

(2)有些动词可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有:have,make,1et,see,hear,listen to,lookat,watch,notice,observe等。这类动词用于被动语态后,用作主语补足语的不定式不能省略不定式符号to。如:

They knew her very well,They had seen her grow up,

Jone was made to wash the truck for a week as apunishment,

5、作定语。

(1)当被修饰的动词是不定式的逻辑宾语时,不定式用主动形式;若不定式是不及物动词,与所修饰的词有意义上的动宾关系,其后应加一个适当的介词。如:

After he considered the problem,she got a tall boxto stand on,

(2)不定式可用在the first,the second以及the last,theonly和最高级等后面作定语。如:

e likes to listen to Mr Lis lessons,so she isalways the first to come and the last to leave,

6、作状语。不定式作状语主要用来表示目的,有时也表示结果和原因。为了强调目的,有时可把不定式放在句首,有时在不定式前加in order或so as。如:

Tom kept quite about the accident so as not to losehisiob。

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