NGN-oriented Business and Operations Support System

Liao Sihua Zhang Qiang

(Central Academy of ZTE Corporation, Nanjing 210012, China)

AbstractThe Next Generation Network(NGN)is based on packet switching and open network architecture.Therefore,the NGN business and operations support focuses on customers,totally different from that of the conventional telecommunications network,which concentrates on network operation and maintenance.An NGN operations and maintenance support system should be customer-focused,market-oriented and profit-targeted.Based on its unified NGN operations and maintenance support system,ZTE has implemented an integrated network management system that covers every functional level of the NGN.Accordingly,technical updates can be implemented flexibly on the network to meet the requirements of technology revolution,and new customer-oriented services can be offered to operators.

The telecom operations support system is usually a combination of the Operations Support System(OSS)and the Business Support System(BSS),and also generally refers to all kinds of platforms supporting telecom operations and development.In a broader perspective,the telecom operations support system should also include the Management Support System(MSS).Operations support involves network management,system management,billing,operation,accounting and customer service,and is important for operators to develop integrated services[1].

There are two outstanding characteristics of current telecom operations support systems.One is the merging of numerous new services with a much shorter developing period and deployment period.As for the other characteristic,service tie-in-sale strategies and charge-packages of operators are ever changing,since the operators pay more attention to marketing.These two characteristics create higher requirements for the OSS.

对比且分析两组（观察组和对照组）急性阑尾炎合并糖尿病患者并发症、排气时间和住院时间、不同时间段疼痛评分、血糖控制情况。

1 Architecture of NGN

With the development of computer and communication technology,the Next Generation Network(NGN)is emerging,which symbolizes the coming of new generation telecom networks.Seen from a developing perspective,the conventional Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN)based on circuit switching is changing to the NGN based on packet switching.The NGN takes over all the services of the PSTN,and transfers lots of data transmission work to its core IPnetwork to ease the heavy load on the PSTN.Besides,new characteristics of IPtechnology used for the NGN help improve old services and add new ones[2].

The NGN adopts open architecture,and separates the functional modules of traditional switches as independent network elements.Each network element can develop independently according to its function,and the protocol interfaces between network elements are based on related standards.Modulization makes the original telecom network more and more open,and operators are,therefore,able to choose functional modules freely to set up their networks according to their business requirements.The standardization of protocolinterfaces between network elements can fulfill interconnections of networks with different structures.

The NGN has 5 functional layers,as shown in Figure 1.

(1)Edge Layer

1.可以了解企业需要解决的难点和焦点。通过需求预测分析，可以充分了解企业和员工存在的难点和热点，可以判断和分析哪些问题是当前必须解决的问题，哪些是可以通过培训来解决的，哪些问题不能通过培训来解决的。

(3)Service Management Layer It handles all service in OSS,and gives feedback to the customer service layer.

（2）Core Layer

The core layer changes information formats to the kind that can be transmitted through the network,for instance,dividing voice signals into ATM signal elements or IPpackets.

（3）Control Layer

“冲动型”这种类型，在就业时会表现出强烈的就业欲望，因为对职业选择的过分在意，因此产生更高的焦虑（低效能），而过高的焦虑又产生了就业选择的冲动性，也因为其较低的效能感，对对未就业的预估将会发生错误判断，从而影响学生择业。

Calling functionality is implemented at the control layer.This layer decides the services customers can receive,and has control on the handling of lower-layer network elements on service flow.

▲Figure 1. Functional structure of NGN.

（4）Service Layer

The service layer provides extra services based on call establishment.It is impossible to change the current networks into the NGN over night.Therefore,the current networks will coexist with the NGN for a long time.This requires that the new network interwork with the current networks.Accordingly,the following functions are required to be implemented in the new network:interworking between the Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)transmission network and SS7 signal network,interworking with available services such as services provided by the intelligent network,and converging with the existing PSTN system.

（5）Management Layer

用构造法解题,关键是构造,它无一定之规,表现出思维的试探性、不规则性和创造性[2]．本题还可通过构造函数y=lnx与y=ax-1或构造函数与y=a来解决．

The management layer manages network equipment.The management includes equipment configuration,operation status monitoring,operation index feedback,and more.This layer supports the operation of the whole system.Meanwhile,the layer provides the operations support interface in order to facilitate the data collection and analysis for the OSS.

The management layer at the top manages all kinds of equipment at the service layer,core layer,controllayer and edge layer.At present,the management layer has implemented the management of equipment at the control layer and edge layer,including Softswitch,Trunk Gateway(TG),Access Gateway(AG),Signalling Gateway(SG),and Integrated Access Device(IAD).The management of equipment at the service layer and core layer will be gradually implemented.The equipment at the service and core layers includes ATM/router,Authentication,Authorization and Accounting(AAA)equipment,and application servers.Meanwhile,the management layer provides data to the OSSthrough various interfaces.

2 OSS of NGN

Compared with conventional telecom network management,the operations management of NGN is much more complex,and requires a unified,remote,safe and active system.However,the network management of NGNshould be much simpler than that of the conventional telecom network,because the NGN,originally adopting open protocols,supports access of diversified services and provides good compatibility to equipment from different vendors.Facing the escalating competition in the telecom industry,foregone monopoly and dropping profit,telecom enterprises will be more rational in investing in network construction and conduct more market-and-maintenance-costoriented network improvement.

With the development of NGN,NGN network operations support management has changed from the networkoperation-and-maintenance-centered to customer-centered[3].Therefore,a modern NGNoperations and maintenance system should have the following 3 objectives:

（1）Customer-centered

Customer-centered marketing models are developed based on product-oriented marketing.Resources are bundled into product packets,and sold by marketing departments and retailers.Customers'requirements are the key factors to be considered when making and packaging products as well as making promotion plans.Meanwhile,individualized customer marketing,service and management are offered.Customers with different levels can order for different product packages and enjoy different promotion activities and discount rates.In addition,they can have different service approaches and channels[4].

The system is capable of receiving and processing service requirements.In addition,it creates a bill according to the telecom network resources that a customer has used.

(1)Network Element Management Layer

（3）Profit-targeted

The system,on one hand,offers quick and convenient services to the customers,and on the other hand,provides corresponding function assurance when new services are not opened.

本次调查的农村供水工程中，内蒙古丰镇市、化德县较多地采用PPR管材作为供水管网的主干输配水管道。河北省安平县普遍将PP-R管用作入户管（主干管网采用PVC-U管材）。

本文的创新点在于：一是在研究汇率预期对跨境资金流动的影响时，不是只考虑单一跨境资金流动项目，而是基于国际收支平衡表，将跨境资金流动的各个项目均作为研究对象，通过实证分析汇率预期对各项目跨境资金流动指标的影响，以全面掌握汇率预期变化对我国跨境资金流动的总体影响。二是在研究汇率预期对跨境资金流动的影响时，将各项目跨境资金流动指标分解为流入端和流出端，完善了汇率预期变化对跨境资金流动的路径研究。

Income and cost can be apportioned to every service,product,customer group and even every customer,making reasonable the distribution of a company's resources.

▲Figure 2. Service composition of NGN telecom operations support system.

2.1 Services of NGN OSS

According to the definition established by the TeleManagement Forum(TMF),NGN telecom operations support system consists of service fulfillment,assurance and billing,as shown in Figure 2.

With the launch of NGN services,control of network planning and deployment would also be included into operations support,which is positioned before the service fulfillment layer in the new OSSstructure.

Transversely,the NGN telecom operations support system is divided into network planning and deployment,service fulfillment,service assurance and service billing.

河南省小农水重点县项目建设全面推行项目法人责任制、招标投标制、建设监理制和合同管理制。县水利局为项目法人，负责项目的组织实施和建设管理工作，派专人常驻工地加强技术指导、质量监督及协调工作；通过招标投标，公开选择有资质的专业监理单位和施工单位，以合同形式分别确定业主与施工方、监理方的权利和义务；监理单位通过组织、技术、经济和合同等措施，对项目工程的进度、质量和资金使用进行有效控制，为工程按期、保质、低耗地完成奠定了良好基础。

Longitudinally,it consists of network and system management,service development and maintenance,and customer service handling layers.

Seen from the system structure,NGN telecom operations support system in general includes the following parts:

(1)Billing and Settlement System

The system is capable of collecting data from telecom network devices and calculating bills according to the rules set up in advance.Meanwhile,if a customer has anything to do with other operators while he uses the services of an operator,settlement should be made for the inter-network expenses.

(2)Business and Accounting System

(2)Market-oriented

(3)Customer Service System

1.2.7 随访 所有病例随访至生后18个月，采用gesell量表进行神经系统预后评分，gesell量表评分：包括动作能、应物能、言语能、应人能。预后不良定义为死亡，gesell量表两项以上评分<85分，或合并听力异常。

·The resource management layer fulfills resource synchronization according to the instruction notification at the same time of construction.·After completion of construction,the production scheduling system is responsible for completion check and acceptance.

The system is capable of dynamically and selectively collecting and updating effective information from data sources and related information from out of the enterprises,analyzing intelligently,processing,forecasting and simulating,and finally providing in-time,scientific and effective analysis reports to decision makers or professionals to be good information and intelligence support.

2.2 Functional Structure of NGN OSS

The functional structure of NGN OSSis divided into 4 layers,as shown in Figure 3.

在粉丝社群中，因为“偶像”这一共同话题，即便完全陌生也能轻易打开“话匣子”。社群中的粉丝能够锻炼与陌生人交往的能力，掌握更多聊天技巧。除此之外，粉丝社群的管理者根据内部人员架构，进行及时地引入和调整，具有较好的资源整合能力。

This means prompt reaction to the market,rapid launch of new products,quick creation of business plans,and fast restructuring of company's resources.

It fulfills the management and control of basic telecom network elements.

(2)Network Management Layer It provides network management functions,and simultaneously outputs all data reported by the network elements upward for later data analysis.

The edge layer connects customers to the network,and centralizes customer services and transports them to the proper destination.It includes all kinds of access methods.

葡萄糖：为无色结晶或白色结晶性粉末，易溶于水，味甜，为营养药物，能供给能量，补充体液，增强心肌力量，有利尿解毒作用，常用于家禽药物中毒及饲料中毒的解毒。

(4)Customer Service Layer

It provides customer service to the OSS,as wellas allkinds of management interfaces.

The following are 2 examples of how services are processed in NGN OSS.

(1)Process of Customer's Application for Services

Android流量监控、分析、拦截平台采用C-S模式，客户端实现监控和拦截功能，服务器实现恶意流量规则的汇总、判优和同步。

·A customer applies for a new service through the integrated business customer service system.

▲Figure 3. Functional structure of telecom operations support system.

·The customer's application is transferred to the production scheduling system to conduct order review,after it is accepted.

▲Figure 4. Basic architecture of NGN OSS from ZTE.

·The resource management system makes scheduling design for the application.

我国是世界最大的有色金属生产国和消费国，在我国发展有色金属工业具有潜在的资源优势。我国矿产资源潜在总值居世界第三位，是世界上矿产资源总量丰富、储量可观、品种较齐全、资源配套程度较高的少数国家之一[1]。但是，我国的铜、铅、锌等重要金属资源矿石一般品位较低，成分复杂，且随着矿石资源的不断开采，易选冶的硫化矿逐渐减少，为有色金属行业的发展带来难题[1-2]。因此，资源的综合利用应运而生，对各金属的氧化矿及二次金属资源的开发受到了人们的广泛关注。

·The results of the scheduling design are returned back to the production schedule system that then generates a construction management instruction notification.

·The construction unit changes network elements through the network element management layer in order to make the network elements meet the requirements of the customer.

(4)Decision Support System

·Passing the check of completion,the production scheduling system sends a task completion notification to the accounting system to make the related accounting filing.

·At the same time,the production scheduling system sends a notification to the resource management system to file the resources.

·After filing,the production scheduling system sends a completion notification to the business customer service system.

·The business customer service system notifies the customer that the service for which he/she applied has been opened.

(2)Process of Answering Customer Complaint for Malfunction

·Acustomer makes a complaint for malfunction through the integrated business customer service system.·The production scheduling system informs the malfunction handling system to handle the malfunction after the business system accepts the complaint.·The malfunction management system needs to make a resource inquiry positioning through the resource management system as it handles the malfunction.

·The malfunction management system restores the function of the network element to clear the malfunction through the network element management layer.

·If the function recovery fails,the malfunction management system will inform the production scheduling system to start emergency scheduling.

·The emergency scheduling enters the resource management system to conduct emergency scheduling design.

·The resource management informs the production scheduling system to carry out handling management,and makes emergency malfunction handling through the network element management layer.

·After the recovery of the malfunction,the production scheduling is responsible for completion check and acceptance,and informs the accounting system to make related accounting filing.

结合相关的调查报告显示，外国的商业银行业务线基本都是全球一体化纵向趋势，为了尽快适应这种体系，他们的审贷官序列是采取纵向方式进行，根据产品以及客户的需求为基本导向的银行治理体系也是当代的商业银行发展的主要趋势。与之配套形成的就是所有的银行都具有一个独立存在的风险审贷官，主要负责独立进行审贷工作，因此，为了进一步保证审查人员的独立存在，就要摒弃分行业务考查，将分行审查人员从分行考查中独立出去。他们直接接受银行总部的统一考查管制，可以构建信审高水准人员序列以及与之配套的考查办法，银行分别根据这个方法为基础标准进行薪资的发放以及管理审批人员等。

·The production scheduling system informs the malfunction management system and resource management system to file the malfunction and resources respectively.·Finally,the production scheduling system sends a completion notification to the integrated customer service system that further informs the customer about the malfunction recovery.