阅读理解最佳标题题方法指导

2024-12-31 00:00:00吴静
初中生学习指导·中考版 2024年12期

阅读理解最佳标题题考查学生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。

一、考情分析

解最佳标题题是中考英语阅读理解中的必考题,此类题要求学生通过读懂文章内容并进行凝练概括,选择最符合文章的一项,这对学生解读语篇的能力和对选项特点分析能力有着较高的要求,往往出在文章最后一道题压轴,是最容易丢分的题目之一。从近几年的解最佳标题题选项命制可以看出,选项之间的迷惑性增大,干扰项会出现文章原词,甚至出现主题词,这极大地增加了选择的难度。学生并不能通过对文意的大概印象解对题目,也绝不可能根据选项长度蒙对答案,而是要熟悉选项命制特点,避开逻辑陷阱才能稳操胜券。

二、解题方法

(一)主题句法

文中一般没有明显的主题句,需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意。但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子,则这个句子往往是主题句。

(二)关键词法

全文中无明显主题句时,我们可以利用文章中的关键词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的,因此,有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词,即关键词,也叫作主题词。抓住了它,便容易抓住文章的中心。

(三)逆向思维法

在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时,试着从选项出发,想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容,然后把它与文章的内容比较,逐一排除,缩小范围,接近的即为正确选项。

三、文中主题句的位置

通常情况下主题句在文中处于比较明显的位置:

1. 在说明文中,通常出现在开头, 偶尔出现在结尾。

2. 在议论文中,通常出现在开头或结尾。

3. 在记叙文中,通常出现在开头、结尾或贯穿全文。

四、干扰项的特点及陷阱

(一)干扰项的特点

1. 概括范围太窄,只含局部信息。

2. 概括范围太宽,所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。

3. 无关信息:文章中未提到或找不到语言依据的信息。

(二)干扰项的陷阱

1. 选择的标题意义表述不清,不能准确概括文章中心思想 。

2. 命题者在出此类题时,往往利用生活常识编造干扰项。

3. 把文中的细节当主旨或利用局部信息编造干扰项。

4. 编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心思想的标题来考查学生的理解程度。

考题精选:

Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can’t talk, but can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Dishonesty often helps them survive (生存).

Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. A bird called the plover sometimes pretends (假装) to be hurt in order to protect its young. When an enemy gets close to its nest, the plover pretends to have a broken wing. The enemy follows the “hurt” adult, leaving the baby birds safe.

Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries (埋) its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays also steal food. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when others are watching them. So they get back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.

Chimpanzees can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimpanzee will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimpanzee puts out its hand, too, the chimpanzees are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimpanzee take the winner’s hand and start fighting again. When chimpanzees find food, it’s natural for them to cry out. Then other chimpanzees come running. But some clever chimpanzees learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimpanzees don’t hear them, and they don’t need to share the food.

What is the best title of the passage?

A. Do animals lie?

B. Honesty or dishonesty?

C. How do animals protect lives?

解析:最佳标题题。根据“Animals can’t talk, but can they lie with their bodies and behavior...Dishonesty often helps them survive(生存). ”以及对整篇文章的理解可知,本文科普了一些动物为了生存而撒谎的现象并举例进行说明。A选项“动物说谎吗”最适合做标题,故选A。