中译英策略与方法(三十二)

2024-12-06 00:00:00鲍川运
英语世界 2024年12期

这一期我们继续讨论几个抽象名词的翻译。如果说语境在中译英的过程中发挥重要的作用,那么就抽象名词的翻译而言,语境的作用更为重要。文化与语言的差异性在抽象名词方法表现尤其突出,而且抽象名词往往有较强的主观色彩,译者的翻译还需要根据上下文考虑作者的意图,从而选择合适的译文。

1. 气质

根据《现代汉语词典》(第7版)的解释,“气质”指“人的相当稳定的个性特点,如活泼、直爽、沉静、浮躁等。是高级神经活动在人的行动上的表现”。另外,“气质”也指“风格;气度”。因此,“气质”在具体的语境下所表述的意思各有不同,有时表示一种整体的性格,有时表述一个具体的特质。下面看看“气质”在不同语境下的理解和处理。

作为人民教师,她的气质与她的职业非常相符。

As a schoolteacher, she has a temperament that fits well with her job.

她母亲虽然没有读过什么书,但是很有气质。

Her mother is a woman of grace and poise, even though she did not have much schooling.

这两句里的“气质”,理解为个人总体的性格或个性,比较抽象。但在很多情况下,“气质”被具体的语言所修饰,形成较为具体的意义指向。例如:

他博览群书,气质儒雅。

He is a well-read person with a noticeable air of sophistication and learning.

多年的行伍,使他身上有一种独特的气质,让人过目难忘。

His years of military service has given him a unique quality that impresses everyone around him.

学习古典音乐多年来,她的气质变得更加内敛而深沉。

A lot of depth has been added to her character after her years of training in classical music.

他很有诗人的气质,但是做企业管理就有点捉襟见肘了。

He has a very poetic soul, but it would be a stretch for him when it comes to managing a business.

房间的装潢设计给人一种简约大方的气质。

The room’s design is simple and clean that conveys a sense of understated elegance.

他以为放荡不羁才可以显示艺术家的气质,哪知这种想法是极其错误的。

He lived a wild and reckless life, which he mistakenly believed was necessary for being an artist.

这几个例句中,“气质”的语境比较具体,“博览群书,气质儒雅” “独特的气质”“气质内敛深沉”“诗人的气质”“简约大方的气质”“艺术家的气质”等等,其修饰语已经对“气质”的内涵作了描述,意思比较清楚,可以根据具体的意思进行表述,不一定必须对应地将“气质”翻译为temperament 或demeanor。

2. 风度

《现代汉语词典》(第7版)对“风度”的释义是“人的举止姿态(多指美好的)”。“风度”也指人的气概、气量。也就是说,“风度”有两个明显不同的用法。看看下面的例句:

他处理事情从容不迫,颇有风度。

He is an organized person who handles things with composure and grace.

每次见到他,他总是衣冠整洁、风度翩翩。

He is always impeccably dressed and looks very respectable every time I see him.

他待人接物彬彬有礼,颇具风度。

He is polite and respectful, a man who is always impeccably mannered.

天开始下雨了,他展现出绅士风度,给女同事找了几把伞。

The moment it began to rain, he generously offered to find umbrellas for his female colleagues.

他虽然年轻,但写的文章颇具大家风度。

Young as he is, his writing exhibits the depth and insight of a seasoned scholar.

这几个例句中,“风度”的内涵都通过具体的描述展现出来,例如“做事有风度”“衣冠整洁有风度”“待人接物有风度” “绅士风度”“大家风度”。有了这个语境, “风度”的内涵便具体化,翻译也就比较能够做到有的放矢。再看看“风度”的第二种用法:

他选举失败之后, 很有风度地向对方道贺。

After he lost the election, he took a graceful act of congratulating his opponent.

你的批评一针见血,但如果能更委婉一些,会显得更有风度。

Your criticism is spot on, but it would be nicer of you if you could use a softer tone.

一个真正有风度的人,不仅在成功时能保持谦虚,在失败时也能坦然面对。

A person of true character stays humble in success and unshaken by failure.

这几个例句中,“风度”表示的内涵是“气量”。“风度”可以表示人的举止姿态,也能表示人的气概和气量,一个是外在的行为,另一个是内在的素质。当然,两者之间也有联系,但若能注意到这个区别,就可以避免一些翻译上的困难,也能采用比较灵活的方法使译文更加贴切到位。

3. 风采

《现代汉语词典》(第7版)对“风采”的解释是“风度神采”,也有“文采”的意思。“风采”可以指一个人的外貌、神态、气质等方面的综合表现,可以包括一个人的容貌、仪态、举止,甚至包括一个人的精神面貌和气质。看看下面的例句:

她举止优雅,风采迷人。

She is a graceful and charming lady.

他今年60岁了,可是照样可以轻松地做100个俯卧撑,风采不减当年。

He’s sixty years old, but he is in perfect form as ever, and he can easily do 100 push-ups.

老年旗袍表演队神采奕奕,以自信和乐观展现了老年人的风采。

The elder women, in nicely cut elegant qipao, performed with joy and confidence that demonstrated the vibrant spirit of the elderly.

地震发生之后,他现场组织救援,展现了真正的领导者的风采。

He really stepped up as a leader, coordinating rescue operations on site.

这座古城保留了浓厚的历史文化风采。

This is a city that was founded in ancient times and is still steeped in its history and traditions.

在我的想象中,你父亲是个赳赳武夫,可是见了面却觉得他很有儒将风采。

I had imagined your father to be a tough soldier, but when I m7P2jL6dqlXlu9udxP32P7Up1oB1gOrm8LVbcZVfAczo=et him, I saw a sophisticated and learned commander.

体育馆里座无虚席,观众都想一睹明星跳水运动员的风采。

The gymnasium was packed with spectators who were anxious to watch the superstar divers in action.

他说话讷讷地,但文章写得可是风采非凡。

He is a poor speaker, but shines with his gift in writing.

这些例句中,对“风采”的翻译都没有纠结于这个词如何翻译,而是通过对“风采”的具体内涵进行描述而表达了其中的意思。每一句都根据具体的语境采用了比较灵活的方法翻译。

4. 风范

《现代汉语词典》(第7版)对“风范”的释义是:风度;气派。此外,“风范”也指风气、作品的风格等。看看下面的例句:

在中世纪的欧洲,骑士是一种许多人追求的风范。

Chivalry was a prestigious way of life in medieval Europe, sought after by many.

他的作品展现出一种大家风范,既充满力量又富有诗意。

His works are lyrical and powerful, with qualities one would often associate with accomplished writers.

这两个例句中,“风范”一是表示一种“风气”,二是表示作品的风格。再看看下面对人的表述:

他颇有点运筹帷幄、决胜千里、波澜不惊的高人风范。

He is quite a strategist who makes meticulous plans for achieving his goals and acts with calm and resolve under pressure.

她在困难时刻展现出了坚韧不拔和不屈不挠的风范。

She acted with unyielding fortitude and determination at the times of difficulties.

他已经是著作等身,但那谦谦君子的风范, 赢得学界的尊重。

He is already a well published author, but he remains a humble and unassuming scholar who is widely respected in the academic community.

一身正气, 两袖清风, 文明诚信, 高尚风范。

He is a person of honesty and integrity who resists any attempt of corruption.

老李说完,装作很有风范地拍了拍张建的肩膀, 然后就继续追剧了。

As he finished speaking, Lao Li patted Zhang Jian on the shoulder, condescendingly, and then went back to watching his favorite shows.

公司的股票已经连续下跌一个星期了,可是老总还是一派“任凭风浪起, 稳坐钓鱼台”的风范。

The company’s stock has been declining for a week, but the president remains calm and seems resolved to “ride the storm out”.

和上面一样,这里对“风范”的翻译也没有特意寻找对应词,还是先确定“风范”的具体内涵,在这个基础上采用灵活的方式处理。

5. 风骨

《现代汉语词典》(第7版)对“风骨”的释义是:①指人的气概、品格。②(诗文书画)雄健有力的风格。“风骨”是一个多义词,具有多种含义,包括刚正的气概、雄健的风格,以及人的气质、品格和性格等。先看看对物的描述:

这座古建筑古朴典雅,风骨犹存。

This ancient structure exudes a timeless grace and character with its simple and refined design.

黄山的迎客松,历经风霜,枝干遒劲,风骨傲然。

The Welcoming Pine of Huangshan, having braved countless winds and storms, stands tall with its sturdy branches in an unyielding and unwavering spirit.

这幅书法作品笔力遒劲,风骨峻峭。

This calligraphy, with its powerful strokes, is a piece of strength and austerity.

这几个例句中,“风骨”用于对物体的描述,自然有其隐喻的意思,译文对“风骨”的处理,也采用了抽象的描述。当然,不同的译者对其内涵可能有不同的理解,产生的译文自然会是多样的。再看看“风骨”对人的描述。

他不为五斗米折腰,颇有风骨。

He stands by his principles, never to bend for any economic returns.

他过于圆滑世故,一点儿文人风骨也没有。

He is a person who tries to please everyone, missing the moral fortitude that one would expect from a true intellectual.

每逢国家存亡,危急之秋,瘦小的四川人,总能挺身而出, 展示民族铮铮风骨。

The people of Sichuan, despite their slight build, have always stepped forward in times of national peril, exemplifying the indomitable character of the nation.

在公司上层的压力之下,他仍然保持风骨,坚持保证产品质量。

He stood his ground under pressure from higher-ups in the company and made sure there was no lapse in product quality.

一个有风骨的人,不会因为别人说自己好话就沾沾自喜,更多的是谦逊和低调。

A person of true character would remain humble and unassuming, not letting others’ compliments go to their head.

对人来说,“风骨”通常指的是原则、立场、人品、性格等,也是需要根据具体的语境进行判断,采用适当的翻译方法。

最后需要强调的是,翻译采取什么手段是取决于对源语内涵的理解,而理解取决于语境。译者可能因为理解程度和角度的不同而产生有差异的译文,在抽象名词的翻译方面尤其如此。因此,本文中提供的例句译文,是基于笔者对原文的一种理解,可以作为参考,帮助开拓思路,但不宜看作是标准答案,在各种情况下套用。

* 美国明德大学蒙特雷国际研究学院高级翻译学院荣休教授,本刊顾问。